mrjСовременная ревматологияModern Rheumatology Journal1996-70122310-158XIMA-PRESS, LLC10.14412/1996-7012-2022-2-81-86mrj-1279Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSКлиническое значение антител к комплексу фосфатидилсерин/протромбинClinical significance of antibodies to the phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complexhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-2522РешетнякТ. М.ReshetnyakT. M.

Татьяна Магомедалиевна Решетняк

Россия, 115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

Россия, 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1

Tatyana Magomedalievna Reshetnyak

34A, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115522, Russia

2/1, Barrikadnaya street, building 1, Moscow 125993, Russia

t_reshetnyak@yahoo.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-4932ЧельдиеваФ. А.CheldievaF. A.

Россия, 115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

Россия, 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1

34A, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115522, Russia

2/1, Barrikadnaya street, building 1, Moscow 125993, Russia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3246-1157ЧеркасоваМ. В.CherkasovaM. V.

Россия, 115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

34A, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115522, Russia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-3080ЛилаА. М.LilaA. M.

Россия, 115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

Россия, 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1

34A, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115522, Russia

2/1, Barrikadnaya street, building 1, Moscow 125993, Russia

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; Кафедра ревматологии ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Department of Rheumatology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional EducationRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation2022060520221628186Copyright © Решетняк Т.М., Чельдиева Ф.А., Черкасова М.В., Лила А.М., 20222022Решетняк Т.М., Чельдиева Ф.А., Черкасова М.В., Лила А.М.Reshetnyak T.M., Cheldieva F.A., Cherkasova M.V., Lila A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1279

Классическими серологическими маркерами антифосфолипидного синдрома (АФС) являются антитела к кардиолипину, антитела к 2-гликопротеину 1 и волчаночный антикоагулянт. Продолжает обсуждаться польза исследования других антифосфолипидных антител, не включенных в классификационные критерии, для улучшения диагностики аутоиммунной тромбофилии. В обзоре приведены данные литературы об исследовании антител к протромбину и комплексу фосфатидилсерин/протромбин у пациентов с системной красной волчанкой и АФС.

Classical serological markers of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are antibodies to cardiolipin, antibodies to β2-glycoprotein 1, and lupus anticoagulant. The utility of testing other antiphospholipid antibodies, not included in the classification criteria for improving the diagnosis of autoimmune thrombophilia continues to be debated. The review presents literature data on the study of antibodies to prothrombin and the phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and APS.

антифосфолипидные антителаантифосфолипидный синдромсистемная красная волчанкатромбозакушерская патологияантитела к протромбинуантитела к комплексу фосфатидилсерин/протромбинantiphospholipid antibodiesantiphospholipid syndromesystemic lupus erythematosusthrombosisobstetric pathologyantibodies to prothrombinantibodies to the phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complexReferencesRuiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet. 2010 Oct 30;376(9751):1498-509. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60709-XRuiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet. 2010 Oct 30;376(9751):1498-509. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60709-XРешетняк ТМ, Чельдиева ФА, Нурбаева КС и др. Антифосфолипидный синдром: диагностика, механизм развития, вопросы терапии. Тромбоз, гемостаз и реология. 2020;(4):4-21.Reshetnyak TM, Cheldieva FA, Nurbaeva KS, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: diagnosis, mechanism of development, therapy issues. Tromboz, gemostaz i reologiya. 2020;(4):4-21. (In Russ.).Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA. The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 14;368(11):1033-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1112830.Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA. The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 14;368(11):1033-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1112830.Насонов ЕЛ. Антифосфолипидный синдром. Монография. Москва: Литтера; 2004. С. 36.Nasonov EL. Antifosfolipidnyi sindrom. Monografiya [Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Monograph]. Moscow: Littera; 2004. Р. 36.Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.Bertolaccini ML. Antibodies to prothrombin. Lupus. 2012 Jun;21(7):729-31. doi: 10.1177/0961203312443299.Bertolaccini ML. Antibodies to prothrombin. Lupus. 2012 Jun;21(7):729-31. doi: 10.1177/0961203312443299.Чельдиева ФА, Решетняк ТМ, Лила АМ. Антифосфолипидные антитела и их клиническое значение. Тромбоз, гемостаз и реология. 2021;(2):4-15.Cheldieva FA, Reshetnyak TM, Lila AM. Antiphospholipid antibodies and their clinical significance. Tromboz, gemostaz i reologiya. 2021;(2):4-15. (In Russ.).Bertolaccini ML, Gomez S, Pareja JF, et al. Antiphospholipid antibody tests: spreading the net. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Nov;64(11):1639-43. doi: 10.1136/ard.2005.035824.Bertolaccini ML, Gomez S, Pareja JF, et al. Antiphospholipid antibody tests: spreading the net. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Nov;64(11):1639-43. doi: 10.1136/ard.2005.035824.Bertolaccini ML, Amengual O, Atsumi T, et al. 'Non-criteria' aPL tests: report of a task force and preconference workshop at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies, Galveston, TX, USA, April 2010. Lupus. 2011 Feb;20(2):191-205. doi: 10.1177/0961203310397082.Bertolaccini ML, Amengual O, Atsumi T, et al. 'Non-criteria' aPL tests: report of a task force and preconference workshop at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies, Galveston, TX, USA, April 2010. Lupus. 2011 Feb;20(2):191-205. doi: 10.1177/0961203310397082.Bradacova P, Slavik L, Ulehlova J, et al. Current Promising Biomarkers and Methods in the Diagnostics of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Review. Biomedicines. 2021 Feb 8; 9(2):166. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020166.Bradacova P, Slavik L, Ulehlova J, et al. Current Promising Biomarkers and Methods in the Diagnostics of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Review. Biomedicines. 2021 Feb 8; 9(2):166. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020166.Bertolaccini ML, Atsumi T, Koike T, et al. Antiprothrombin antibodies detected in two different assay systems. Prevalence and clinical significance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Feb;93(2):289-97. doi: 10.1160/TH04-06-0382.Bertolaccini ML, Atsumi T, Koike T, et al. Antiprothrombin antibodies detected in two different assay systems. Prevalence and clinical significance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Feb;93(2):289-97. doi: 10.1160/TH04-06-0382.Atsumi T, Ieko M, Bertolaccini ML, et al. Association of autoantibodies against the phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex with manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome and with the presence of lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):1982-93. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:9<1982::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-2.Atsumi T, Ieko M, Bertolaccini ML, et al. Association of autoantibodies against the phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex with manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome and with the presence of lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):1982-93. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:9<1982::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-2.Galli M, Beretta G, Daldossi M, et al. Different anticoagulant and immunological properties of anti-prothrombin antibodies in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Mar;77(3):486-91.Galli M, Beretta G, Daldossi M, et al. Different anticoagulant and immunological properties of anti-prothrombin antibodies in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Mar;77(3):486-91.Chinnaraj M, Planer W, Pengo V, Pozzi N. Discovery and characterization of 2 novel subpopulations of aPS/PT antibodies in patients at high risk of thrombosis. Blood Adv. 2019 Jun 11;3(11):1738-49. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019030932.Chinnaraj M, Planer W, Pengo V, Pozzi N. Discovery and characterization of 2 novel subpopulations of aPS/PT antibodies in patients at high risk of thrombosis. Blood Adv. 2019 Jun 11;3(11):1738-49. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019030932.Oosting JD, Derksen RH, Bobbink IW, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C, or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood. 1993 May 15;81(10):2618-25.Oosting JD, Derksen RH, Bobbink IW, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C, or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood. 1993 May 15;81(10):2618-25.Matsuda J, Saitoh N, Gohchi K, et al. Anti-annexin V antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus anticoagulant and/or anticardiolipin antibody. Am J Hematol. 1994 Sep;47(1):5 6-8. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830470112.Matsuda J, Saitoh N, Gohchi K, et al. Anti-annexin V antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with lupus anticoagulant and/or anticardiolipin antibody. Am J Hematol. 1994 Sep;47(1):5 6-8. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830470112.Sugi T, McIntyre JA. Autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) recognize a kininogen-PE complex. Blood. 1995 Oct 15; 86(8):3083-9.Sugi T, McIntyre JA. Autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) recognize a kininogen-PE complex. Blood. 1995 Oct 15; 86(8):3083-9.Vaarala O, Alfthan G, Jauhiainen M, et al. Crossreaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1993 Apr 10;341(8850):923-5. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91213-6.Vaarala O, Alfthan G, Jauhiainen M, et al. Crossreaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1993 Apr 10;341(8850):923-5. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91213-6.Cugno M, Dominguez M, Cabibbe M, et al. Antibodies to tissue-type plasminogen activator in plasma from patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2000 Mar;108(4):871-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01948.x.Cugno M, Dominguez M, Cabibbe M, et al. Antibodies to tissue-type plasminogen activator in plasma from patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2000 Mar;108(4):871-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01948.x.Острякова ЕВ, Решетняк ТМ, Айсина РБ, и др. Уровни плазминогена и ингибитора активатора плазминогена 1-го типа при антифосфолипидном синдроме. Терапевтический архив. 2012;84(5):50-7.Ostryakova EV, Reshetnyak TM, Aisina RB, et al. Levels of plasminogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in antiphospholipid syndrome. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2012;84(5):50-7. (In Russ.).Jones DW, Gallimore MJ, MacKie IJ, et al. Reduced factor XII levels in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome are associated with antibodies to factor XII. Br J Haematol. 2000 Sep;110(3):721-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02251.x.Jones DW, Gallimore MJ, MacKie IJ, et al. Reduced factor XII levels in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome are associated with antibodies to factor XII. Br J Haematol. 2000 Sep;110(3):721-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02251.x.Rampazzo P, Biasiolo A, Garin J, et al. Some patients with antiphospholipid syndrome express hitherto undescribed antibodies to cardiolipin-binding proteins. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jan;85(1):57-62.Rampazzo P, Biasiolo A, Garin J, et al. Some patients with antiphospholipid syndrome express hitherto undescribed antibodies to cardiolipin-binding proteins. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jan;85(1):57-62.Bidot CJ, Jy W, Horstman LL, et al. Factor VII/VIIa: a new antigen in the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2003 Feb;120(4):618-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04161.x.Bidot CJ, Jy W, Horstman LL, et al. Factor VII/VIIa: a new antigen in the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2003 Feb;120(4):618-26. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04161.x.Arnout J. Antiphospholipid syndrome: diagnostic aspects of lupus anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jul;86(1):83-91.Arnout J. Antiphospholipid syndrome: diagnostic aspects of lupus anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jul;86(1):83-91.Chinnaraj M, Pengo V, Pozzi N. A Novel ELISA Assay for the Detection of Anti-Prothrombin Antibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome Patients at High Risk of Thrombosis. Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 8;12:741589. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741589.Chinnaraj M, Pengo V, Pozzi N. A Novel ELISA Assay for the Detection of Anti-Prothrombin Antibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome Patients at High Risk of Thrombosis. Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 8;12:741589. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741589.Решетняк ВИ, Журавель СВ, Кузнецова НК и др. Система гемостаза в норме и при трансплантации печени (обзор). Общая реаниматология. 2018;14(5):58-84.Reshetnyak VI, Zhuravel' SV, Kuznetsova NK, et al. The Hemostasis System in Normal and Transplantation (Review). Obshchaya reanimatologiya. 2018;14(5):58-84. (In Russ.).Loeliger EA. Prothrombin as cofactor for circulating anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus? Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1959;(3):237–56.Loeliger EA. Prothrombin as cofactor for circulating anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus? Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1959;(3):237–56.Bajaj SP, Rapaport SI, Fierer DS, et al. A mechanism for the hypoprothrombinemia of the acquired hypoprothrombinemia-lupus anticoagulant syndrome. Blood. 1983 Apr; 61(4):684-92.Bajaj SP, Rapaport SI, Fierer DS, et al. A mechanism for the hypoprothrombinemia of the acquired hypoprothrombinemia-lupus anticoagulant syndrome. Blood. 1983 Apr; 61(4):684-92.Fujiwara K, Shimizu J, Tsukahara H, Shimada A. Lupus anticoagulant-hypoprothrombinemia syndrome and immunoglobulinA vasculitis: a report of Japanese sibling cases and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int. 2019 Oct;39(10):1811-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-019-04404-7.Fujiwara K, Shimizu J, Tsukahara H, Shimada A. Lupus anticoagulant-hypoprothrombinemia syndrome and immunoglobulinA vasculitis: a report of Japanese sibling cases and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int. 2019 Oct;39(10):1811-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-019-04404-7.Pengo V, Denas G, Bison E, et al; Italian Federation of Thrombosis Centers (FCSA). Prevalence and significance of anti-prothrombin (aPT) antibodies in patients with Lupus Anticoagulant (LA). Thromb Res. 2010 Aug; 126(2):150-3. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.05.018.Pengo V, Denas G, Bison E, et al; Italian Federation of Thrombosis Centers (FCSA). Prevalence and significance of anti-prothrombin (aPT) antibodies in patients with Lupus Anticoagulant (LA). Thromb Res. 2010 Aug; 126(2):150-3. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.05.018.Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Brocco T, et al. Autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding plasma proteins in patients with thrombosis and phospholipid-reactive antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 1996 May;75(5):721-4.Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Brocco T, et al. Autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding plasma proteins in patients with thrombosis and phospholipid-reactive antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 1996 May;75(5):721-4.McDonnell T, Wincup C, Buchholz I, et al. The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS. Blood Rev. 2020 Jan;39:100610. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100610.McDonnell T, Wincup C, Buchholz I, et al. The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS. Blood Rev. 2020 Jan;39:100610. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100610.Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2003 Oct 15;102(8):2717-23. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3334.Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2003 Oct 15;102(8):2717-23. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3334.Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. Antiprothrombin (aPT) and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. A systematic review. Thromb Haemost. 2014 Feb;111(2):354-64. doi: 10.1160/TH13-06-0509.Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. Antiprothrombin (aPT) and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. A systematic review. Thromb Haemost. 2014 Feb;111(2):354-64. doi: 10.1160/TH13-06-0509.Permpikul P, Rao LV, Rapaport SI. Functional and binding studies of the roles of prothrombin and beta 2-glycoprotein I in the expression of lupus anticoagulant activity. Blood. 1994 May 15;83(10):2878-92.Permpikul P, Rao LV, Rapaport SI. Functional and binding studies of the roles of prothrombin and beta 2-glycoprotein I in the expression of lupus anticoagulant activity. Blood. 1994 May 15;83(10):2878-92.Fleck RA, Rapaport SI, Rao LV. Anti-prothrombin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Blood. 1988 Aug;72(2):512-9.Fleck RA, Rapaport SI, Rao LV. Anti-prothrombin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Blood. 1988 Aug;72(2):512-9.Forastiero R, Martinuzzo M, Pombo G, et al. A prospective study of antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin, and risk of thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun;3(6):1231-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01295.x.Forastiero R, Martinuzzo M, Pombo G, et al. A prospective study of antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin, and risk of thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun;3(6):1231-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01295.x.Bardin N, Alessi MC, Dignat-George F, et al. Does the anti-prothrombin antibodies measurement provide additional information in patients with thrombosis? Immunobiology. 2007;212(7):557-65. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.02.001.Bardin N, Alessi MC, Dignat-George F, et al. Does the anti-prothrombin antibodies measurement provide additional information in patients with thrombosis? Immunobiology. 2007;212(7):557-65. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.02.001.Pregnolato F, Chighizola CB, Encabo S, et al. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies: an additional diagnostic marker for APS? Immunol Res. 2013 Jul;56(2-3):432-8. doi: 10.1007/s12026-013-8421-z.Pregnolato F, Chighizola CB, Encabo S, et al. Anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies: an additional diagnostic marker for APS? Immunol Res. 2013 Jul;56(2-3):432-8. doi: 10.1007/s12026-013-8421-z.Zigon P, Cucnik S, Ambroћi A, et al. Antibodies to phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex as an additional diagnostic marker of APS? Lupus. 2012 Jun;21(7):790-2. doi: 10.1177/0961203312444173.Zigon P, Cucnik S, Ambroћi A, et al. Antibodies to phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex as an additional diagnostic marker of APS? Lupus. 2012 Jun;21(7):790-2. doi: 10.1177/0961203312444173.Kondratieva L, Reshetnyak T, Alexandrova E, Novikov A, Lipatova N, Dobrovolskiy A, Nasonov E. The level of protrombin and antiprotrombin antibodies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:67.Kondratieva L, Reshetnyak T, Alexandrova E, Novikov A, Lipatova N, Dobrovolskiy A, Nasonov E. The level of protrombin and antiprotrombin antibodies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:67.Bizzaro N, Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, et al Anti-prothrombin antibodies predict thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 15-year longitudinal study. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Jun;5(6):1158-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02532.x.Bizzaro N, Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, et al Anti-prothrombin antibodies predict thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a 15-year longitudinal study. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Jun;5(6):1158-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02532.x.Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, et al. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun;93(6):1147-52. doi: 10.1160/TH04-12-0839.Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, et al. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun;93(6):1147-52. doi: 10.1160/TH04-12-0839.Zigon P, Cucnik S, Ambroћi A, et al. Detection of antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies and their potential diagnostic value. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:724592. doi: 10.1155/2013/724592.Zigon P, Cucnik S, Ambroћi A, et al. Detection of antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies and their potential diagnostic value. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:724592. doi: 10.1155/2013/724592.Tselios K, Sarantopoulos A, Gkougkourellas I, Boura P. The role of anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies in thrombotic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Front Neurol. 2013 Jun 4;4:66. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00066.Tselios K, Sarantopoulos A, Gkougkourellas I, Boura P. The role of anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies in thrombotic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Front Neurol. 2013 Jun 4;4:66. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00066.Mullen MT, Messe SR, Kasner SE, et al. Anti-Phosphatidylserine-Prothrombin Antibodies are Associated with Outcome in a TIA Cohort. Front Neurol. 2012 Sep 28;3:137. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00137.Mullen MT, Messe SR, Kasner SE, et al. Anti-Phosphatidylserine-Prothrombin Antibodies are Associated with Outcome in a TIA Cohort. Front Neurol. 2012 Sep 28;3:137. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00137.Sanfelippo MJ, Joshi A, Schwartz S, et al. Antibodies to phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex in suspected antiphospholipid syndrome in the absence of antibodies to cardiolipin or Beta-2-glycoprotein I. Lupus. 2013 Nov;22(13):1349-52. doi: 10.1177/0961203313497120.Sanfelippo MJ, Joshi A, Schwartz S, et al. Antibodies to phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex in suspected antiphospholipid syndrome in the absence of antibodies to cardiolipin or Beta-2-glycoprotein I. Lupus. 2013 Nov;22(13):1349-52. doi: 10.1177/0961203313497120.Sciascia S, Murru V, Sanna G, et al. Clinical accuracy for diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: evaluation of 23 possible combinations of antiphospholipid antibody specificities. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Dec;10(12):2512-8. doi: 10.1111/jth.12014.Sciascia S, Murru V, Sanna G, et al. Clinical accuracy for diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: evaluation of 23 possible combinations of antiphospholipid antibody specificities. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Dec;10(12):2512-8. doi: 10.1111/jth.12014.Tzoulaki I, Liberopoulos G, Ioannidis JP. Assessment of claims of improved prediction beyond the Framingham risk score. JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2345-52. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1757.Tzoulaki I, Liberopoulos G, Ioannidis JP. Assessment of claims of improved prediction beyond the Framingham risk score. JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2345-52. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1757.Sciascia S, Cosseddu D, Montaruli B, et al. Risk Scale for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Aug;70(8):1517-8. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.145177.Sciascia S, Cosseddu D, Montaruli B, et al. Risk Scale for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Aug;70(8):1517-8. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.145177.Otomo K, Atsumi T, Amengual O, et al. Efficacy of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome and its predictive value for thrombotic events. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Feb;64(2):504-12. doi: 10.1002/art.33340.Otomo K, Atsumi T, Amengual O, et al. Efficacy of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome and its predictive value for thrombotic events. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Feb;64(2):504-12. doi: 10.1002/art.33340.Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. GAPSS: the Global Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome Score. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Aug; 52(8):1397-403. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes388.Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. GAPSS: the Global Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome Score. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Aug; 52(8):1397-403. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes388.Sciascia S, Bertolaccini ML, Roccatello D, Khamashta MA. Independent validation of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jan;72(1):142-3. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201985.Sciascia S, Bertolaccini ML, Roccatello D, Khamashta MA. Independent validation of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jan;72(1):142-3. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201985.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.