<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mrj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Rheumatology Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1996-7012</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-158X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1996-7012-2023-6-14-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mrj-1497</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Портрет пациента с системной красной волчанкой для назначения ингибитора интерферона типа I анифролумаба</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Portrait of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus for the prescription of the type I interferon inhibitor anifrolumab</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-2522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетняк</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnyak</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А;</p><p>кафедра ревматологии, 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522;</p><p>Department of Rheumatology, 2/1, Barrikadnaya Street, Build. 1, Moscow 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t_reshetnyak@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-7810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асеева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aseeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1318-1894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шумилова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumilova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4160-7218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никишина</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikishina</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-4427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкиреева</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkireeva</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-3080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лила</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lila</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А;</p><p>кафедра ревматологии, 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр.1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522;</p><p>Department of Rheumatology, 2/1, Barrikadnaya Street, Build. 1, Moscow 125993</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального&#13;
образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology;&#13;
Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Решетняк Т.М., Асеева Е.А., Шумилова А.А., Никишина Н.Ю., Шкиреева С.Ю., Лила А.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Решетняк Т.М., Асеева Е.А., Шумилова А.А., Никишина Н.Ю., Шкиреева С.Ю., Лила А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Reshetnyak T.M., Aseeva E.A., Shumilova A.A., Nikishina N.Y., Shkireeva S.Y., Lila A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1497">https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1497</self-uri><abstract><p>В последние годы новым подходом к фармакотерапии системной красной волчанки (СКВ) стало применение моноклональных антител, блокирующих активность интерферона (ИФН) типа I или его рецепторов.</p><p>Цель исследования – охарактеризовать пациентов с СКВ, получавших ингибитор рецепторов ИФН типа I анифролумаб (АФМ, Сафнело®).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В проспективное 12-месячное исследование включен 21 пациент с СКВ, соответствовавший критериям SLICC 2012 г. У всех пациентов исследовали стандартные лабораторные и иммунологические маркеры СКВ. Для определения активности СКВ использовался индекс SLEDAI-2К, степени выраженности кожно-слизистого синдрома – индекс CLASI. Оценку повреждения органов проводили с помощью индекса повреждения (ИП) SLICC/ACR. Для изучения качества жизни, связанного со здоровьем (КЖСЗ), применяли опросники LupusQol и FACIT-Fatigue.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В исследовании преобладали женщины, соотношение женщины/мужчины – 17 (81%)/4 (19%), медиана возраста – 31 [27; 46] год, длительности заболевания – 9 [6,0; 11,0] лет. У большинства пациентов (86%) отмечалась средняя или высокая степень активности заболевания по индексу SLEDAI-2К. Среди клинических проявлений СКВ преобладали изменения кожи и слизистых оболочек (у 81%). Неэрозивный полиартрит различной степени выраженности наблюдался в 66% случаев. Серозит (плеврит, перикардит) выявлен у 24% пациентов, гематологические нарушения (гемолитическая анемия, лейкопения, лимфопения) – у 43%, мочевой синдром (суточная протеинурия до 0,5 г/л и/или мочевой осадок – лейкоциты/эритроциты/цилиндры до 5 в поле зрения при отсутствии мочевой инфекции) – у 14%. Все пациенты имели иммунологические нарушения. У 14% из них диагностирован антифосфолипидный синдром (АФС), у 43% – синдром Шегрена.</p><p>Все пациенты получали гидроксихлорохин, 95% – глюкортикоиды (ГК) от 5 до 60 мг/сут, 66% – иммуносупрессанты (циклофосфан, мофетила микофенолат, азатиоприн, метотрексат). Терапия генно-инженерными билогическими препаратами (ритуксимаб, белимумаб, двойная анти-В-клеточная терапия) и ингбитором Янус-киназ барицитинибом в анамнезе проводилась в 33% случаев. У всех пациентов отмечалось значительное ухудшение КЖСЗ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Показаниями для назначения АФМ 21 пациенту с СКВ были: активная по SLEDAI-2K и/или CLASI СКВ с преимущественным поражением кожи, ее придатков и развитием полиартрита с иммунологическими нарушениями, непереносимость/неэффективность предшествующей стандартной терапии, а также невозможность достижения низких среднесуточных доз пероральных ГК. Дополнительными клиническими проявлениями у части пациентов являлись: серозит, нетяжелые гематологические нарушения (Кумбс-позитивная анемия, лейкопения), мочевой синдром. Допускалось назначение АФМ при сочетании СКВ с вторичным АФС и синдромом Шегрена, а также при высоком ИП SLICC.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In recent years the use of monoclonal antibodies that block activity of type I interferon (IFN) or its receptors has become the new approach in the pharmacotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to characterize patients with SLE treated with the type I IFN receptor inhibitor anifrolumab (AFM, Saphnelo®).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The prospective 12-month study included 21 patients with SLE who met the 2012 SLICC criteria. Standard laboratory and immunological markers for SLE were examined in all patients. The SLEDAI-2K index was used to determine the activity of SLE and the CLASI index was used to determine the severity of the mucocutaneous syndrome. Organ damage was assessed using the SLICC/ACR Damage Index (DI). The LupusQol and FACIT-Fatigue questionnaires were used to analyze health-related quality of life (HRQoL).</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Female patients prevailed in the study, female/male ratio – 17 (81%)/4 (19%), median age – 31 [27; 46] years, disease duration – 9 [6.0; 11.0] years. The majority of patients (86%) had moderate or high disease activity according to the SLEDAI-2K index. Among the clinical manifestations of SLE, skin and mucous membranes lesions predominated (81%). Non-erosive polyarthritis of varying severity was observed in 66% of cases. Serositis showed 24% of patients (pleurisy, pericarditis), 43% had hematological abnormalities (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia) and 14% - urinary syndrome (daily proteinuria up to 0.5 g/l and/or urinary sediment – leukocytes/erythrocytes/cylinders up to 5 in the field of view in the absence of urinary tract infection). All patients had immunological disorders. 14% of them were diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and 43% with Sjögren's syndrome.</p><p>All patients received hydroxychloroquine, 95% received glucocorticoids (GC) from 5 to 60 mg/day, 66% received immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, methotrexate). 33% of patients had anamnesis of treatment with biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (rituximab, belimumab, dual anti-B-cell therapy) and Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib. All patients experienced a significant deterioration in HRQoL.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The indications for prescribing AFM to 21 patients with SLE were: active SLE according to SLEDAI-2K and/or CLASI with predominant involvement of skin, its appendages and development of polyarthritis with immunological disorders, intolerance/ineffectiveness of previous standard therapy and inability to achieve low average daily doses of oral GCs. Other clinical manifestations in some patients were: serositis, mild hematological disorders (Coombs-positive anemia, leukopenia), urinary syndrome. AFM could be prescribed for a combination of SLE with secondary APS and Sjögren's syndrome as well as for a high DI SLICC.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>рецепторы интерферона</kwd><kwd>интерферон α</kwd><kwd>анифролумаб</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>interferon receptors</kwd><kwd>interferon α</kwd><kwd>anifrolumab</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках фундаментальной темы FURS-2022-003 №122040400024-07.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared within the framework of the basic scientific topic FURS-2022-003 №122040400024-07.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Соловьев СК, Аршинов АВ. Системная красная волчанка: история и современность. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2022;60(4):397-412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Soloviev SK, Arshinov AV. Systemic lupus erythematosus: history and modernity. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya. 2022;60(4):397-412. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA. Type I interferons in autoimmune disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019 Jan 24:14:369-393. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043952. Epub 2018 Oct 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA. Type I interferons in autoimmune disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019 Jan 24:14:369-393. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043952. Epub 2018 Oct 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Авдеева АС. Иммуновоспалительные ревматические заболевания, связанные с интерфероном типа I: новые данные. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2019;57(4):452-461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Avdeeva AS. Immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases associated with type I interferon: New evidence. Nauchcno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia. 2019;57(4): 452-461. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rönnblom L, Leonard D. Interferon pathway in SLE: One key to unlocking the mystery of the disease. Lupus Sci Med. 2019 Aug 13;6(1):e000270. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2018-000270. eCollection 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rönnblom L, Leonard D. Interferon pathway in SLE: One key to unlocking the mystery of the disease. Lupus Sci Med. 2019 Aug 13;6(1):e000270. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2018-000270. eCollection 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reshetnyak T, Nurbaeva K, Ptashnik I, et al. Markers of NETosis in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(11):9210. doi: 10.3390/ijms24119210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reshetnyak T, Nurbaeva K, Ptashnik I, et al. Markers of NETosis in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(11):9210. doi: 10.3390/ijms24119210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkar MK, Hile GA, Tsoi LC, et al. Photosensitivity and type I IFN responses in cutaneous lupus are driven by epidermal-derived interferon kappa. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Nov; 77(11):1653-1664. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213197. Epub 2018 Jul 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkar MK, Hile GA, Tsoi LC, et al. Photosensitivity and type I IFN responses in cutaneous lupus are driven by epidermal-derived interferon kappa. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Nov; 77(11):1653-1664. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213197. Epub 2018 Jul 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braunstein I, Klein R, Okawa J, Werth VP. The interferon-regulated gene signature is elevated in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus and correlates with the cutaneous lupus area and severity index score. Br J Dermatol. 2012 May; 166(5):971-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10825.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braunstein I, Klein R, Okawa J, Werth VP. The interferon-regulated gene signature is elevated in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus and correlates with the cutaneous lupus area and severity index score. Br J Dermatol. 2012 May; 166(5):971-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10825.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nzeusseu Toukap A, Galant C, Theate I, et al. Identification of distinct gene expression profiles in the synovium of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 May;56(5):1579-88. doi: 10.1002/art.22578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nzeusseu Toukap A, Galant C, Theate I, et al. Identification of distinct gene expression profiles in the synovium of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 May;56(5):1579-88. doi: 10.1002/art.22578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellano G, Cafiero C, Divella C, et al. Local synthesis of interferon-alpha in lupus nephritis is associated with type I interferons signature and LMP7 induction in renal tubular epithelial cells. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015 Mar 22;17(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0588-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellano G, Cafiero C, Divella C, et al. Local synthesis of interferon-alpha in lupus nephritis is associated with type I interferons signature and LMP7 induction in renal tubular epithelial cells. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015 Mar 22;17(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0588-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shiozawa S, Kuroki Y, Kim M, et al. Interferonalpha in lupus psychosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Apr;35(4):417-22. doi: 10.1002/art.1780350410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiozawa S, Kuroki Y, Kim M, et al. Interferonalpha in lupus psychosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Apr;35(4):417-22. doi: 10.1002/art.1780350410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM. Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014:32: 513-45. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol032713-120231. Epub 2014 Feb 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM. Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014:32: 513-45. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol032713-120231. Epub 2014 Feb 6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT. Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Jan;14(1):36-49. doi: 10.1038/nri3581.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT. Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Jan;14(1):36-49. doi: 10.1038/nri3581.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paredes JL, Niewold TB. Type I interferon antagonists in clinical development for lupus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020 Sep;29(9): 1025-1041. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2020. 1797677. Epub 2020 Sep 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paredes JL, Niewold TB. Type I interferon antagonists in clinical development for lupus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020 Sep;29(9): 1025-1041. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2020. 1797677. Epub 2020 Sep 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaichian Y, Strand V. Interferon-directed therapies for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a critical update. Clin Rheumatol. 2021 Aug;40(8):3027-3037. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05526-1. Epub 2021 Jan 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaichian Y, Strand V. Interferon-directed therapies for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a critical update. Clin Rheumatol. 2021 Aug;40(8):3027-3037. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05526-1. Epub 2021 Jan 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goulden B, Isenberg D. Anti-IFN R MAbs for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021 Apr;21(4):519-528. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1841164. Epub 2020 Oct 30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goulden B, Isenberg D. Anti-IFN R MAbs for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021 Apr;21(4):519-528. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1841164. Epub 2020 Oct 30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng L, Oganesyan V, Wu H, et al. Molecular basis for antagonistic activity of anifrolumab, an anti-interferon-α receptor 1 antibody. MAbs. 2015;7(2):428-39. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007810.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng L, Oganesyan V, Wu H, et al. Molecular basis for antagonistic activity of anifrolumab, an anti-interferon-α receptor 1 antibody. MAbs. 2015;7(2):428-39. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007810.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riggs JM, Hanna RN, Rajan B, et al. Characterisation of anifrolumab, a fully human anti-interferon receptor antagonist antibody for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2018 Apr 5;5(1): e000261. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2018-000261. eCollection 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riggs JM, Hanna RN, Rajan B, et al. Characterisation of anifrolumab, a fully human anti-interferon receptor antagonist antibody for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2018 Apr 5;5(1): e000261. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2018-000261. eCollection 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Инструкция по медицинскому применению лекарственного препарата САФНЕЛО®, 300 мг (концентрат для приготовления раствора для инфузий). Регистрационное удостоверение ЛП-№(001857)-(РГ-RU) от 27.02.2023 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Instructions for the medical use of the drug SAFNELO®, 300 mg (concentrate for the preparation of solution for infusions). Registration certificate LP-No.(001857)-(RG-RU) dated 02/27/2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcуn GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8): 2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcуn GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8): 2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2): 288-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2): 288-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albrecht J, Taylor L, Berlin JA, et al. The CLASI (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index): an outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Nov;125(5):889-94. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23889.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albrecht J, Taylor L, Berlin JA, et al. The CLASI (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index): an outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Nov;125(5):889-94. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23889.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein R, Moghadam-Kia S, LoMonico J, et al. Development of the CLASI as a tool to measure disease severity and responsiveness to therapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2011 Feb;147(2):203-8. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.435</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein R, Moghadam-Kia S, LoMonico J, et al. Development of the CLASI as a tool to measure disease severity and responsiveness to therapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2011 Feb;147(2):203-8. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.435</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Mar;39(3): 363-9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780390303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Mar;39(3): 363-9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780390303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McElhone K, Abbott J, Shelmerdine J, et al. Development and validation of a disease-specific health-related quality of life measure, the LupusQol, for adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug 15;57(6):972-9. doi: 10.1002/art.22881</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McElhone K, Abbott J, Shelmerdine J, et al. Development and validation of a disease-specific health-related quality of life measure, the LupusQol, for adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug 15;57(6):972-9. doi: 10.1002/art.22881</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yellen S. Measuring fatigue and other anemia-related symptoms with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACIT) measurement system. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Feb;13(2):63-74. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(96)00274-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yellen S. Measuring fatigue and other anemia-related symptoms with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACIT) measurement system. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Feb;13(2):63-74. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(96)00274-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pilgaard T, Hagelund L, Stallknecht SE, et al. Severity of fatigue in people with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and spondyloarthritis – Results of a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019 Jun 28;14(6):e0218831. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218831.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pilgaard T, Hagelund L, Stallknecht SE, et al. Severity of fatigue in people with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and spondyloarthritis – Results of a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019 Jun 28;14(6):e0218831. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218831.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, редактор. Российские клинические рекомендации. Ревматология. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2017. 464 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, editor. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Revmatologiya [Russian clinical guidelines. Rheumatology]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2017. 464 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalunian KC, Furie R, Morand EF, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Extension Trial of the Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Anifrolumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Feb;75(2):253-265. doi: 10.1002/art.42392. Epub 2022 Nov 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalunian KC, Furie R, Morand EF, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Extension Trial of the Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Anifrolumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Feb;75(2):253-265. doi: 10.1002/art.42392. Epub 2022 Nov 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morand EF, Trasieva T, Berglind A, et al. Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) attainment discriminates responders in a systemic lupus erythematosus trial: post-hoc analysis of the Phase IIb MUSE trial of anifrolumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 May;77(5):706-713. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212504. Epub 2018 Feb 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morand EF, Trasieva T, Berglind A, et al. Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) attainment discriminates responders in a systemic lupus erythematosus trial: post-hoc analysis of the Phase IIb MUSE trial of anifrolumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 May;77(5):706-713. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212504. Epub 2018 Feb 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асеева ЕА, Воробьева ЛД, Соловьев СК и др. Психометрические свойства русскоязычной версии специфического опросника LupusQol для оценки качества жизни, связанного со здоровьем, у пациентов с системной красной волчанкой. Научнопрактическая ревматология. 2018;56(2): 164-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aseeva EA, Vorobyeva LD, Solovyev SK, et al. The psychometric properties of a russian version of the disease-specific LupusQol questionnaire assessing the health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya. 2018;56(2):164-172. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furie RA, Morand EF, Bruce IN, et al. Type I interferon inhibitor anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus (TULIP-1): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2019;(1):e208-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furie RA, Morand EF, Bruce IN, et al. Type I interferon inhibitor anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus (TULIP-1): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2019;(1):e208-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morand EF, Furie R, Tanaka Y, et al; TULIP-2 Trial Investigators. Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jan 16;382(3):211-221. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912196. Epub 2019 Dec 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morand EF, Furie R, Tanaka Y, et al; TULIP-2 Trial Investigators. Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jan 16;382(3):211-221. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912196. Epub 2019 Dec 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruce IN, Golam S, Steenkamp J, et al. Indirect treatment comparison of anifrolumab efficacy versus belimumab in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comp Eff Res. 2022 Jul;11(10):765-777. doi: 10.2217/cer-2022-0040. Epub 2022 May 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruce IN, Golam S, Steenkamp J, et al. Indirect treatment comparison of anifrolumab efficacy versus belimumab in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comp Eff Res. 2022 Jul;11(10):765-777. doi: 10.2217/cer-2022-0040. Epub 2022 May 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neupane B, Shukla P, Slim M, et al. Belimumab versus anifrolumab in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus: an indirect comparison of clinical response at 52 weeks. Lupus Sci Med. 2023 May;10(1):e000907. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neupane B, Shukla P, Slim M, et al. Belimumab versus anifrolumab in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus: an indirect comparison of clinical response at 52 weeks. Lupus Sci Med. 2023 May;10(1):e000907. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000907.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
