<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mrj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Rheumatology Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1996-7012</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-158X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1996-7012-2024-2-88-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mrj-1567</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль повторной биопсии почек у пациентов с волчаночным нефритом (описание клинического случая)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of repeat kidney biopsy in patients with lupus nephritis (case report)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4160-7218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никишина</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikishin</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нина Юрьевна Никишина</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina Yurievna Nikishina</p><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>   </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lashinanina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-7810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асеева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aseeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5411-7317</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меснянкина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mesnyankina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-1732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-4340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столяревич</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolyarevich</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>123182, Москва, Пехотная ул., 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Pehotnaya Street, Moscow 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-5301</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеленов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelenov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-3080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лила</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lila</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>2/1, Barrikadnaya Street, Build. 1, Moscow 125993</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №52 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital №52, Moscow City Health Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; кафедра ревматологии ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow; Department of Rheumatology Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Никишина Н.Ю., Асеева Е.А., Меснянкина А.А., Соловьев С.К., Столяревич Е.С., Зеленов В.А., Лила А.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никишина Н.Ю., Асеева Е.А., Меснянкина А.А., Соловьев С.К., Столяревич Е.С., Зеленов В.А., Лила А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikishin N.Y., Aseeva E.A., Mesnyankina A.A., Soloviev S.K., Stolyarevich E.S., Zelenov V.A., Lila A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1567">https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1567</self-uri><abstract><p>Волчаночный нефрит (ВН), развивается у 35–60% пациентов с системной красной волчанкой (СКВ), часто на ранних стадиях заболевания. ВН – одно из наиболее тяжелых проявлений СКВ, которое при отсутствии своевременного эффективного лечения может привести к быстрой и тяжелой потере функции почек. Несмотря на современную фармакотерапию, у 5–20% пациентов в течение 10 лет после выявления ВН формируется терминальная стадия почечной недостаточности. Основным принципом терапии ВН является предотвращение ухудшения почечной функции, однако консенсус в отношении критериев исхода и клинически значимых краткосрочных и долгосрочных целей терапии ВН пока не достигнут. Накапливаются данные о важности повторных биопсий почек для оценки результатов начальной фазы терапии и определения долгосрочного прогноза почечной недостаточности. Считается, что информация, полученная при повторных биопсиях, может способствовать принятию оптимальных терапевтических решений и, следовательно, повышению вероятности достижения полного почечного ответа в краткосрочной и более благоприятного почечного прогноза в долгосрочной перспективе.</p><p>Представлено описание молодой пациентки с СКВ высокой степени активности и ВН IV-S класса, подтвержденным морфологически. По данным повторной биопсии и клинико-лабораторного обследования на фоне терапии достигнута клинико-лабораторная ремиссия заболевания. Это позволило снизить дозу метилпеднизолона, цитостатических препаратов (мофетила микофенолат) и отменить терапию генно-инженерными биологическими препаратами (ритуксимаб).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Lupus nephritis (LN) occurs in 35–60% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), often in the early stages of the disease. LN is one of the most severe manifestations of SLE and, if not treated promptly and effectively, can lead to rapid and severe loss of kidney function. Despite modern pharmacotherapy, 5–20% of patients develop end-stage renal failure within 10 years of diagnosis of LN. The main principle of LN therapy is to prevent deterioration of renal function, but a consensus on outcome assessment criteria and clinically relevant short- and long-term goals for LN therapy has not yet been reached. There is increasing evidence of the importance of repeat kidney biopsies to assess the outcomes of the initial phase of therapy and to determine the long-term prognosis of renal failure. It is believed that the information obtained from repeat biopsies can help to make optimal treatment decisions and thus increase the likelihood of achieving a complete renal response in the short term and a more favorable renal prognosis in the long term.</p><p>We describe a clinical case of a young patient with highly active SLE and morphologically confirmed class IV-S LN. Repeat biopsy and clinical and laboratory examination, had confirmed a clinical and laboratory remission of the disease on the background of the therapy. This made it possible to reduce the dose of methylpednisolone and cytostatic drugs (mycophenolate mofetil) and to discontinue therapy with biologic diseasemodifying antirheumatic drug (rituximab).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>волчаночный нефрит</kwd><kwd>диффузный пролиферативный гломерулонефрит</kwd><kwd>мезангиопролиферативный гломерулонефрит</kwd><kwd>ритуксимаб</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>lupus nephritis</kwd><kwd>diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis</kwd><kwd>mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis</kwd><kwd>rituximab</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaul A, Gordon C, Crow MK, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Jun 16;2:16039. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaul A, Gordon C, Crow MK, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Jun 16;2:16039. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anders HJ, Saxena R, Zhao MH, et al. Lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Jan 23;6(1):7. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0141-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anders HJ, Saxena R, Zhao MH, et al. Lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Jan 23;6(1):7. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0141-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Sep;82(5):299-308. doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000091181.93122.55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Sep;82(5):299-308. doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000091181.93122.55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pons-Estel GJ, Serrano R, Plasin MA, et al. Epidemiology and management of refractory lupus nephritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2011 Sep;10(11):655-63. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pons-Estel GJ, Serrano R, Plasin MA, et al. Epidemiology and management of refractory lupus nephritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2011 Sep;10(11):655-63. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S, Saxena R. Lupus nephritis.Am J Med Sci. 2009 Jun;337(6):451-60. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181907b3d.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh S, Saxena R. Lupus nephritis.Am J Med Sci. 2009 Jun;337(6):451-60. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181907b3d.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3934-40. doi: 10.1002/art.20666.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. Early response to immunosuppressive therapy predicts good renal outcome in lupus nephritis: lessons from long-term followup of patients in the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3934-40. doi: 10.1002/art.20666.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the EuroLupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69(1):61-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.102533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the EuroLupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69(1):61-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.102533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tektonidou MG, Dasgupta A, Ward MM.Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Lupus Nephritis, 1971-2015: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jun;68(6):1432-41. doi: 10.1002/art.39594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tektonidou MG, Dasgupta A, Ward MM.Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Lupus Nephritis, 1971-2015: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jun;68(6):1432-41. doi: 10.1002/art.39594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandepapeliere J, Aydin S, Cosyns JP, et al. Prognosis of proliferative lupus nephritis subsets in the Louvain Lupus Nephritis inception Cohort. Lupus. 2014 Feb;23(2):159-65. doi: 10.1177/0961203313514623. Epub 2013 Dec 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandepapeliere J, Aydin S, Cosyns JP, et al. Prognosis of proliferative lupus nephritis subsets in the Louvain Lupus Nephritis inception Cohort. Lupus. 2014 Feb;23(2):159-65. doi: 10.1177/0961203313514623. Epub 2013 Dec 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L, Lee G, Liu X, et al. Long-term outcomes of end-stage kidney disease for patients with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2016 Jun;89(6):1337-45. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L, Lee G, Liu X, et al. Long-term outcomes of end-stage kidney disease for patients with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2016 Jun;89(6):1337-45. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parodis I, Zickert A, Sundelin B, et al. Evaluation of B lymphocyte stimulator and a proliferation inducing ligand as candidate biomarkers in lupus nephritis based on clinical and histopathological outcome following induction therapy. Lupus Sci Med. 2015 Jan 22; 2(1):e000061. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2014-000061.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parodis I, Zickert A, Sundelin B, et al. Evaluation of B lymphocyte stimulator and a proliferation inducing ligand as candidate biomarkers in lupus nephritis based on clinical and histopathological outcome following induction therapy. Lupus Sci Med. 2015 Jan 22; 2(1):e000061. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2014-000061.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zickert A, Amoudruz P, Sundström Y, et al. IL-17 and IL-23 in lupus nephritis – association to histopathology and response to treatment. BMC Immunol. 2015 Feb 12;16(1): 7. doi: 10.1186/s12865-015-0070-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zickert A, Amoudruz P, Sundström Y, et al. IL-17 and IL-23 in lupus nephritis – association to histopathology and response to treatment. BMC Immunol. 2015 Feb 12;16(1): 7. doi: 10.1186/s12865-015-0070-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панафидина ТА, Попкова ТВ, Кондратьева ЛВ. Частота и структура поражения сердца при системной красной волчанке. Доктор.Ру. 2022;21(2):72-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panafidina TA, Popkova TV, Kondrat'eva LV. The frequency and structure of heart damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Doktor.Ru. 2022;21(2):72-79. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Cheema K,et al. 2019 Update of the Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jun;79(6): 713-723. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-216924</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Cheema K,et al. 2019 Update of the Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jun;79(6): 713-723. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-216924</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Решетняк ТМ, Соловьев СК, Попкова ТВ. Системная красная волчанка и антифосфолипидный синдром: вчера, сегодня, завтра. Терапевтический архив. 2023;95(5):365-374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Reshetnyak TM, Solov'ev SK, Popkova TV. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: yesterday, today, tomorrow. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2023; 95(5):365-74. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асеева ЕА, Лила АМ, Соловьев СК,Глухова СИ. Волчаночный нефрит как особый клинико-иммунологический фенотип системной красной волчанки. Современная ревматология. 2022;16(6):12-19. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2022-6-12-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aseeva EA, Lila AM, Solov'ev SK, Glukhova SI. Lupus nephritis as a specific clinical and immunological phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2022;16(6): 12-19. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2022-6-12-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tamirou F, D'Cruz D, Sangle S, et al;MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial Group. Longterm follow-up of the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial, comparing azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil as maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Mar; 75(3):526-31. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis2014-206897.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tamirou F, D'Cruz D, Sangle S, et al;MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial Group. Longterm follow-up of the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial, comparing azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil as maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Mar; 75(3):526-31. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis2014-206897.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korbet SM, Lewis EJ; Collaborative StudyGroup. Severe lupus nephritis: the predictive value of a 50% reduction in proteinuria at 6 months. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 Sep; 28(9):2313-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft201. Epub 2013 Jun 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korbet SM, Lewis EJ; Collaborative StudyGroup. Severe lupus nephritis: the predictive value of a 50% reduction in proteinuria at 6 months. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 Sep; 28(9):2313-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft201. Epub 2013 Jun 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tamirou F, Lauwerys BR, Dall'Era M, et al. A proteinuria cut-off level of 0.7 g/day after 12 months of treatment best predicts long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis: data from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2015 Nov 12;2(1):e000123. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2015-000123.eCollection 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tamirou F, Lauwerys BR, Dall'Era M, et al. A proteinuria cut-off level of 0.7 g/day after 12 months of treatment best predicts long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis: data from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Lupus Sci Med. 2015 Nov 12;2(1):e000123. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2015-000123.eCollection 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dall'Era M, Cisternas MG, Smilek DE, et al. Predictors of long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis trials: lessons learned from the Euro-Lupus nephritis cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 May;67(5):1305-13. doi: 10.1002/art.39026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dall'Era M, Cisternas MG, Smilek DE, et al. Predictors of long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis trials: lessons learned from the Euro-Lupus nephritis cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 May;67(5):1305-13. doi: 10.1002/art.39026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ugolini-Lopes MR, Seguro LPC, Castro MXF, et al. Early proteinuria response: a valid real-life situation predictor of longterm lupus renal outcome in an ethnically diverse group with severe biopsy-proven nephritis? Lupus Sci Med. 2017 Jun 12;4(1):e000213. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2017-000213.eCollection 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ugolini-Lopes MR, Seguro LPC, Castro MXF, et al. Early proteinuria response: a valid real-life situation predictor of longterm lupus renal outcome in an ethnically diverse group with severe biopsy-proven nephritis? Lupus Sci Med. 2017 Jun 12;4(1):e000213. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2017-000213.eCollection 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the systemic lupus international collaborating clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8):2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the systemic lupus international collaborating clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8):2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982 Nov;25(11):1271-7. doi: 10.1002/art.1780251101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982 Nov;25(11):1271-7. doi: 10.1002/art.1780251101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fogazzi GB, Saglimbeni L, Banfi G, et al. Urinary sediment features in proliferative and non-proliferative glomerular diseases. J Nephrol. 2005 Nov-Dec;18(6):703-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fogazzi GB, Saglimbeni L, Banfi G, et al. Urinary sediment features in proliferative and non-proliferative glomerular diseases. J Nephrol. 2005 Nov-Dec;18(6):703-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuste C, Gutierrez E, Sevillano AM, et al.Pathogenesis of glomerular haematuria. World J Nephrol. 2015 May 6;4(2):185-95. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuste C, Gutierrez E, Sevillano AM, et al.Pathogenesis of glomerular haematuria. World J Nephrol. 2015 May 6;4(2):185-95. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. European League against Rheumatism/American College of rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Sep;78(9):11511159. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018214819. Epub 2019 Aug 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. European League against Rheumatism/American College of rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Sep;78(9):11511159. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018214819. Epub 2019 Aug 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, et al. Joint European League against rheumatism and European renal Association-European dialysis and transplant association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Nov;71(11): 1771-82. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012201940. Epub 2012 Jul 31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, et al. Joint European League against rheumatism and European renal Association-European dialysis and transplant association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Nov;71(11): 1771-82. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012201940. Epub 2012 Jul 31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A,et al. American College of rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Jun;64(6):797-808. doi: 10.1002/acr.21664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A,et al. American College of rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Jun;64(6):797-808. doi: 10.1002/acr.21664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bihl GR, Petri M, Fine DM. Kidney biopsy in lupus nephritis: look before you leap. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006 Jul;21(7): 1749-52. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl159. Epub 2006 Apr 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bihl GR, Petri M, Fine DM. Kidney biopsy in lupus nephritis: look before you leap. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006 Jul;21(7): 1749-52. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfl159. Epub 2006 Apr 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daniel L, Sichez H, Giorgi R, et al. Tubular lesions and tubular cell adhesion molecules for the prognosis of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001 Dec;60(6):2215-21. doi: 10.1046/j.15231755.2001.00055.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daniel L, Sichez H, Giorgi R, et al. Tubular lesions and tubular cell adhesion molecules for the prognosis of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001 Dec;60(6):2215-21. doi: 10.1046/j.15231755.2001.00055.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferraccioli G, Romano G. Renal interstitial cells, proteinuria and progression of lupus nephritis: new frontiers for old factors. Lupus. 2008 Jun;17(6):533-40. doi: 10.1177/0961203307088002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferraccioli G, Romano G. Renal interstitial cells, proteinuria and progression of lupus nephritis: new frontiers for old factors. Lupus. 2008 Jun;17(6):533-40. doi: 10.1177/0961203307088002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu F, Wu LH, Tan Y, et al. Tubulointerstitial lesions of patients with lupus nephritis classified by the 2003 International Society of nephrology and renal pathology Society system. Kidney Int. 2010 May;77(9):820-9. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.13. Epub 2010 Feb 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu F, Wu LH, Tan Y, et al. Tubulointerstitial lesions of patients with lupus nephritis classified by the 2003 International Society of nephrology and renal pathology Society system. Kidney Int. 2010 May;77(9):820-9. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.13. Epub 2010 Feb 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsieh C, Chang A, Brandt D, et al. Predicting outcomes of lupus nephritis with tubulointerstitial inflammation and scarring. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Jun;63(6): 865-74. doi: 10.1002/acr.20441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsieh C, Chang A, Brandt D, et al. Predicting outcomes of lupus nephritis with tubulointerstitial inflammation and scarring. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Jun;63(6): 865-74. doi: 10.1002/acr.20441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broder A, Mowrey WB, Khan HN, et al.Tubulointerstitial damage predicts end stage renal disease in lupus nephritis with preserved to moderately impaired renal function: a retrospective cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Feb;47(4):545-551. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broder A, Mowrey WB, Khan HN, et al.Tubulointerstitial damage predicts end stage renal disease in lupus nephritis with preserved to moderately impaired renal function: a retrospective cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Feb;47(4):545-551. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark MR, Trotter K, Chang A. The pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of tubulointerstitial inflammation in human lupus nephritis. Semin Nephrol. 2015;35: 455–64.doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.08.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark MR, Trotter K, Chang A. The pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of tubulointerstitial inflammation in human lupus nephritis. Semin Nephrol. 2015;35: 455–64.doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.08.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eddy AA. Proteinuria and interstitial injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004 Feb;19(2): 277-81. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfg533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eddy AA. Proteinuria and interstitial injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004 Feb;19(2): 277-81. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfg533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronda N, Cravedi P, Benozzi L, et al.Early proinflammatory activation of renal tubular cells by normal and pathologic IgG. Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2005;100(2):e77-84. doi: 10.1159/000084573. Epub 2005 Mar 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronda N, Cravedi P, Benozzi L, et al.Early proinflammatory activation of renal tubular cells by normal and pathologic IgG. Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2005;100(2):e77-84. doi: 10.1159/000084573. Epub 2005 Mar 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng L, Sinniah R, Hsu SIH. Pathogenicrole of NF-kappaB activation in tubulointerstitial inflammatory lesions in human lupus nephritis. J Histochem Cytochem. 2008 May; 56(5):517-29. doi: 10.1369/jhc.7A7368.2008. Epub 2008 Feb 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng L, Sinniah R, Hsu SIH. Pathogenicrole of NF-kappaB activation in tubulointerstitial inflammatory lesions in human lupus nephritis. J Histochem Cytochem. 2008 May; 56(5):517-29. doi: 10.1369/jhc.7A7368.2008. Epub 2008 Feb 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anders HJ. Re-biopsy in lupus nephritis. Ann Transl Med. 2018 Nov;6(Suppl 1):S41. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.09.47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anders HJ. Re-biopsy in lupus nephritis. Ann Transl Med. 2018 Nov;6(Suppl 1):S41. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.09.47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zickert A, Sundelin B, Svenungsson E, et al. Role of early repeated renal biopsies in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2014 Aug 6; 1(1):e000018. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2014000018.eCollection 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zickert A, Sundelin B, Svenungsson E, et al. Role of early repeated renal biopsies in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2014 Aug 6; 1(1):e000018. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2014000018.eCollection 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Rosa M, Azzato F, Toblli JE, et al. A prospective observational cohort study highlights kidney biopsy findings of lupus nephritis patients in remission who flare following withdrawal of maintenance therapy. Kidney Int. 2018 Oct;94(4):788-794. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.021. Epub 2018 Jul 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Rosa M, Azzato F, Toblli JE, et al. A prospective observational cohort study highlights kidney biopsy findings of lupus nephritis patients in remission who flare following withdrawal of maintenance therapy. Kidney Int. 2018 Oct;94(4):788-794. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.021. Epub 2018 Jul 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malvar A, Pirruccio P, Alberton V, et al. Histologic versus clinical remission in proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017 Aug 1;32(8):1338-1344. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfv296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malvar A, Pirruccio P, Alberton V, et al. Histologic versus clinical remission in proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017 Aug 1;32(8):1338-1344. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfv296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
