mrjСовременная ревматологияModern Rheumatology Journal1996-70122310-158XIMA-PRESS, LLC10.14412/1996-7012-2024-5-121-126mrj-1649Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЯвляется ли вакцинация против вирусного гепатита В безопасной и иммуногенной у пациентов с ревматическими заболеваниями?Is vaccination against viral hepatitis B safe and immunogenic in patients with rheumatic diseases?https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-3911ГридневаГ. И.GridnevaG. I.

Галина Игоревна Гриднева

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

Galina Igorevna Gridneva

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

gigridneva@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7091-2054БеловБ. С.BelovB. S.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1833-5357АроноваЕ. С.AronovaE. S.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation202420102024185121126Copyright © Гриднева Г.И., Белов Б.С., Аронова Е.С., 20242024Гриднева Г.И., Белов Б.С., Аронова Е.С.Gridneva G.I., Belov B.S., Aronova E.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1649

В борьбе с вирусным гепатитом В (ВГВ) достигнуты впечатляющие успехи, однако победа над этой инфекцией пока не одержана. По разным оценкам, пациентов с разрешившимся ВГВ, являющихся носителями вируса, в 6–12,5 раза больше, чем носителей поверхностного «австралийского» антигена HBsAg. Основой профилактики ВГВ является пассивная и активная иммунизация населения, однако сведения о безопасности и иммуногенности данной вакцины у пациентов с ревматическими заболеваниями противоречивы. В обзоре рассмотрены вопросы безопасности и иммуногенности вакцинации против вируса гепатита В (HBV) у пациентов с иммуновоспалительными ревматическими заболеваниями. Вакцинация против HBV показана пациентам из групп риска инфицирования и должна проводиться до назначения антиревматической терапии, в этом случае ее иммуногенность и эффективность значительно выше. Подчеркивается необходимость детального, прицельного сбора анамнеза для уточнения риска инфицирования HBV перед назначением антиревматической терапии, а также уточнения иммунологического статуса (наличия HBsAg, антител к HBc и HBs) перед вакцинацией.

Impressive successes have been achieved in the fight against viral hepatitis B (HBV), but victory over this infection has not yet been achieved. According to various estimates, there are 6–12.5 times more patients with resolved HBV who are carriers of the virus than carriers of the "Australian" surface antigen HBsAg. The basis for the prevention of HBV is passive and active immunization of the population, but the data on the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in patients with rheumatic diseases are contradictory. This review examines the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Vaccination against HBV is indicated for patients at risk of infection and should be carried out before starting antirheumatic therapy, as immunogenicity and efficacy are significantly higher in this case. The necessity of a detailed, targeted medical history collection to clarify the risk of HBV infection before prescribing antirheumatic therapy and clarification of the immune status (presence of HBsAg, antibodies against HBc and HBs) before vaccination is emphasized.

ревматические заболеванияиммуносупрессивная терапияантиревматические препаратыхронический вирусный гепатит Вскринингпрофилактикавакцинацияrheumatic diseasesimmunosuppressive therapyantirheumatic drugschronic viral hepatitis BscreeningpreventionvaccinationСтатья подготовлена в рамках научно-исследовательской работы, № государственного задания 1021051503137-7. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.The article was prepared as part of research work, government task №1021051503137-7. The investigation has not been sponsored.ReferencesMin Y, Wei X, Xia X, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection: An insight into the clinical connection and molecular interaction between hepatitis B virus and host extrahepatic cancer risk. Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 1;14:1141956. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141956. eCollection 2023.Min Y, Wei X, Xia X, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection: An insight into the clinical connection and molecular interaction between hepatitis B virus and host extrahepatic cancer risk. Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 1;14:1141956. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141956. eCollection 2023.Белов БС, Абдурахманов ДТ. Вирус гепатита В и ревматические болезни. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2020; 58(2):207-213.Belov BS, Abdurakhmanov DT. Hepatitis B virus and rheumatic diseases. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya. 2020;58(2):207-213. (In Russ.)Балабанова РМ. Ревматические заболевания и вирусная инфекция: есть ли связь? Современная ревматология. 2020;14(4): 98-102. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2020-4-98–102Balabanova RM. Rheumatic diseases and viral infection: is there an association? Sovremennaya Revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2020;14(4):98-102. (In Russ.)Chen YM, Yang SS, Chen DY. Risk-stratified management strategies for HBV reactivation in RA patients receiving biological and targeted therapy: A narrative review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019 Feb;52(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.10.002. Epub 2017 Nov 5.Chen YM, Yang SS, Chen DY. Risk-stratified management strategies for HBV reactivation in RA patients receiving biological and targeted therapy: A narrative review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019 Feb;52(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.10.002. Epub 2017 Nov 5.Гриднева ГИ, Аронова ЕС, Белов БС. Хронический гепатит В у пациентов ревматологического стационара: проблемы скрининга и реактивации инфекции. Современная ревматология. 2023;17(5):67-72. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2023-5-67-72.Gridneva GI, Aronova ES, Belov BS. Chronic hepatitis B in hospitalized rheumatologic patients: problems of screening and reactivation of infection. Sovremennaya Revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2023;17(5): 67-72. (In Russ.)Lin TC, Yoshida K, Tedeschi SK, et al. Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis Receiving Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018 May;70(5):724-731. doi: 10.1002/acr.23346. Epub 2018 Apr 12.Lin TC, Yoshida K, Tedeschi SK, et al. Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis Receiving Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018 May;70(5):724-731. doi: 10.1002/acr.23346. Epub 2018 Apr 12.Furer V, Rondaan C, Heijstek M, et al. Incidence and prevalence of vaccine preventable infections in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD): a systemic literature review informing the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with AIIRD. RMD Open. 2019 Sep 19;5(2):e001041. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001041. eCollection 2019.Furer V, Rondaan C, Heijstek M, et al. Incidence and prevalence of vaccine preventable infections in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD): a systemic literature review informing the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with AIIRD. RMD Open. 2019 Sep 19;5(2):e001041. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001041. eCollection 2019.Zheng HW, Ouyang ZM, Pan J, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection status and clinical characteristics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2024 Jan 16;104(3):205-211. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230802-00132Zheng HW, Ouyang ZM, Pan J, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection status and clinical characteristics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2024 Jan 16;104(3):205-211. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230802-00132Mahroum N, Watad A, Tiosano S, et al. Chronic hepatitis B viral infection among RA patients-a cross-sectional control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2019 May;38(5):1237-1241. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04448-x. Epub 2019 Feb 8.Mahroum N, Watad A, Tiosano S, et al. Chronic hepatitis B viral infection among RA patients-a cross-sectional control study. Clin Rheumatol. 2019 May;38(5):1237-1241. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04448-x. Epub 2019 Feb 8.Capkin E, Yaz c A, Karkucak M, et al. Evaluation of hepatitis serology and frequency of viral reactivation in patients with inflammatory arthritis receiving biologic agents: a multicenter observational study. Rheumatol Int. 2023 Mar;43(3):523-531. doi: 10.1007/s00296-022-05169-2. Epub 2022 Sep 5.Capkin E, Yaz c A, Karkucak M, et al. Evaluation of hepatitis serology and frequency of viral reactivation in patients with inflammatory arthritis receiving biologic agents: a multicenter observational study. Rheumatol Int. 2023 Mar;43(3):523-531. doi: 10.1007/s00296-022-05169-2. Epub 2022 Sep 5.Aguirre A, Yazdany J. Hepatitis B Screening Before Biologic or Targeted Synthetic Diseasemodifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy: Many Roads to Improvement. J Rheumatol. 2022 Jan;49(1):1-4. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.211000. Epub 2021 Nov 1.Aguirre A, Yazdany J. Hepatitis B Screening Before Biologic or Targeted Synthetic Diseasemodifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy: Many Roads to Improvement. J Rheumatol. 2022 Jan;49(1):1-4. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.211000. Epub 2021 Nov 1.Canzoni M, Marignani M, Sorgi ML, et al. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases in Italy. Microorganisms. 2020 Nov 16;8(11):1792. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111792.Canzoni M, Marignani M, Sorgi ML, et al. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases in Italy. Microorganisms. 2020 Nov 16;8(11):1792. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111792.Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Клинические рекомендации. Острый гепатит В (ОГВ) у детей. https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/488_2The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Clinical recommendations. Acute hepatitis B (AHB) in childrenПриказ от 6 декабря 2021 г. n 1122н об утверждении национального календаря профилактических прививок, календаря профилактических прививок по эпидемическим показаниям и порядка проведения профилактических прививок. https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=410331.Order № 1122n dated December 6, 2021 on approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications and the procedure for preventive vaccinationsGrotto I, Mandel Y, Ephros M, et al. Major adverse reactions to yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines – a review. Vaccine. 1998 Feb; 16(4):329-34. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00214-4.Grotto I, Mandel Y, Ephros M, et al. Major adverse reactions to yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines – a review. Vaccine. 1998 Feb; 16(4):329-34. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00214-4.Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Safety and efficacy of vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jul;61(7):623-5. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.7.623.Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Safety and efficacy of vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jul;61(7):623-5. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.7.623.Toussirot E, Lohse A, Wendling D, Mougin C. Sjögren's syndrome occurring after hepatitis B vaccination. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):2139-40. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:93.0.CO;2-3.Toussirot E, Lohse A, Wendling D, Mougin C. Sjögren's syndrome occurring after hepatitis B vaccination. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):2139-40. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:93.0.CO;2-3.Saadoun D, Cacoub P, Mahoux D, et al. Vascularites postvaccinales: а propos de trois observations. Rev Med Interne. 2001 Feb; 22(2):172-6. doi: 10.1016/s0248-8663(00)00307-6.Saadoun D, Cacoub P, Mahoux D, et al. Vascularites postvaccinales: а propos de trois observations. Rev Med Interne. 2001 Feb; 22(2):172-6. doi: 10.1016/s0248-8663(00)00307-6.Fineschi S. Can recombinant anti-hepatitis B vaccine be a cause of systemic lupus erythematosus? Lupus. 2001;10(11):830. doi: 10.1177/096120330101001114.Fineschi S. Can recombinant anti-hepatitis B vaccine be a cause of systemic lupus erythematosus? Lupus. 2001;10(11):830. doi: 10.1177/096120330101001114.Grasland A, Le Maоtre F, Pouchot J, et al. Maladie de Still de l'adulte aprиs vaccination contre l'hйpatite A et B? Rev Med Interne. 1998 Feb;19(2):134-6. doi: 10.1016/s0248-8663(97)83425-x.Grasland A, Le Maоtre F, Pouchot J, et al. Maladie de Still de l'adulte aprиs vaccination contre l'hйpatite A et B? Rev Med Interne. 1998 Feb;19(2):134-6. doi: 10.1016/s0248-8663(97)83425-x.Drucker Y, Prayson RA, Bagg A, Calabrese LH. Lymphocytic vasculitis presenting as diffuse subcutaneous edema after hepatitis B virus vaccine. J Clin Rheumatol. 1997 Jun;3(3): 158-61. doi: 10.1097/00124743-199706000-00010.Drucker Y, Prayson RA, Bagg A, Calabrese LH. Lymphocytic vasculitis presenting as diffuse subcutaneous edema after hepatitis B virus vaccine. J Clin Rheumatol. 1997 Jun;3(3): 158-61. doi: 10.1097/00124743-199706000-00010.Maillefert JF, Sibilia J, Toussirot E, et al. Rheumatic disorders developed after hepatitis B vaccination. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Oct;38(10):978-83. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.10.978.Maillefert JF, Sibilia J, Toussirot E, et al. Rheumatic disorders developed after hepatitis B vaccination. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Oct;38(10):978-83. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.10.978.Treves R, Lacoste L, Bontoux D, et al. Polyarthrite rhumatoide nodulaire erosive declenchee par une vaccination contre l'hepatite B. Presse Med. 1997 Apr 26;26(14):670.Treves R, Lacoste L, Bontoux D, et al. Polyarthrite rhumatoide nodulaire erosive declenchee par une vaccination contre l'hepatite B. Presse Med. 1997 Apr 26;26(14):670.Заяева А., Юнси СИ, Заусалина АИ и др. Аутоиммунный/воспалительный синдром, индуцированный адъювантами. Архивъ внутренней медицины. 2023;13(6): 405-412.Заяева А., Юнси СИ, Заусалина АИ и др. Аутоиммунный/воспалительный синдром, индуцированный адъювантами. Архивъ внутренней медицины. 2023;13(6): 405-412.Nancy AL, Shoenfeld Y. Chronic fatigue syndrome with autoantibodies – the result of an augmented adjuvant effect of hepatitis-B vaccine and silicone implant. Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Oct;8(1):52-5. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.026. Epub 2008 Aug 24.Nancy AL, Shoenfeld Y. Chronic fatigue syndrome with autoantibodies – the result of an augmented adjuvant effect of hepatitis-B vaccine and silicone implant. Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Oct;8(1):52-5. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.026. Epub 2008 Aug 24.Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N. ‘ASIA’ – Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. J Autoimmun. 2011 Feb; 36(1):4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.003. Epub 2010 Aug 13.Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N. ‘ASIA’ – Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. J Autoimmun. 2011 Feb; 36(1):4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.003. Epub 2010 Aug 13.Agmon-Levin N, Zafrir Y, Kivity S, et al. chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia following immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine: another angle of the 'autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants' (ASIA). Immunol Res. 2014 Dec; 60(2-3):376-83. doi: 10.1007/s12026-014-8604-2.Agmon-Levin N, Zafrir Y, Kivity S, et al. chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia following immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine: another angle of the 'autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants' (ASIA). Immunol Res. 2014 Dec; 60(2-3):376-83. doi: 10.1007/s12026-014-8604-2.WHO. Global vaccine safety blueprint 2.0 (GVSB2.0) 2021-2023/. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/348966/9789240036963-eng.pdf?sequence=1WHO. Global vaccine safety blueprint 2.0 (GVSB2.0) 2021-2023/ https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/348966/9789240036963-eng.pdf?sequence=1Ray P, Black S, Shinefield H, et al. Risk of rheumatoid arthritis following vaccination with tetanus, influenza and hepatitis B vaccines among persons 15–59 years of age. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 2;29(38):6592-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.112. Epub 2011 Jul 16.Ray P, Black S, Shinefield H, et al. Risk of rheumatoid arthritis following vaccination with tetanus, influenza and hepatitis B vaccines among persons 15–59 years of age. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 2;29(38):6592-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.112. Epub 2011 Jul 16.Furer V, Rondaan C, Heijstek MW, et al. 2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):39-52. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215882. Epub 2019 Aug 14.Furer V, Rondaan C, Heijstek MW, et al. 2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):39-52. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215882. Epub 2019 Aug 14.Rondaan C, Furer V, Heijstek MW, et al. Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review for the 2019 update of EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2019 Sep 9;5(2):e001035. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen2019-001035. eCollection 2019.Rondaan C, Furer V, Heijstek MW, et al. Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review for the 2019 update of EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2019 Sep 9;5(2):e001035. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen2019-001035. eCollection 2019.Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Safety and efficacy of vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jul;61(7):623-5. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.7.623.Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Safety and efficacy of vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jul;61(7):623-5. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.7.623.Intongkam S, Samakarnthai P, Pakchotanon R, et al. Efficacy and safety of hepatitis B vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and/or biologics therapy. J Clin Rheumatol. 2019 Dec;25(8):329-334. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000000877.Intongkam S, Samakarnthai P, Pakchotanon R, et al. Efficacy and safety of hepatitis B vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and/or biologics therapy. J Clin Rheumatol. 2019 Dec;25(8):329-334. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000000877.Erkek E, Ayaslioglu E, Erkek AB, et al. Response to vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with Behcet's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Oct;20(10):1508-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03903.x.Erkek E, Ayaslioglu E, Erkek AB, et al. Response to vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with Behcet's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Oct;20(10):1508-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03903.x.Haykir Solay A, Eser F. High dose hepatitis B vaccine is not effective in patients using immunomodulatory drugs: a pilot study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(5):1177-1182. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1574151. Epub 2019 Mar 19.Haykir Solay A, Eser F. High dose hepatitis B vaccine is not effective in patients using immunomodulatory drugs: a pilot study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(5):1177-1182. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1574151. Epub 2019 Mar 19.Richi P, Alonso O, Martin MD, et al. Evaluation of the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients on biological therapy: results of the RIER cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Sep;39(9):2751-2756. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05042-2. Epub 2020 Apr 4.Richi P, Alonso O, Martin MD, et al. Evaluation of the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients on biological therapy: results of the RIER cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Sep;39(9):2751-2756. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05042-2. Epub 2020 Apr 4.Pratt PK Jr, David N, Weber HC, et al. Antibody Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine is Impaired in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Infliximab Therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018 Jan 18;24(2):380-386. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izx001.Pratt PK Jr, David N, Weber HC, et al. Antibody Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine is Impaired in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Infliximab Therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018 Jan 18;24(2):380-386. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izx001.Romao VC, Avila-Ribeiro P, Goncalves MJ, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination associated with low response in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with biologics. RMD Open. 2023 Dec 6;9(4):e003597. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003597.Romao VC, Avila-Ribeiro P, Goncalves MJ, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination associated with low response in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with biologics. RMD Open. 2023 Dec 6;9(4):e003597. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003597.Schillie S, Harris A, Link-Gelles R, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of a Hepatitis B Vaccine with a Novel Adjuvant. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Apr 20; 67(15):455-458. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6715a5.Schillie S, Harris A, Link-Gelles R, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of a Hepatitis B Vaccine with a Novel Adjuvant. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Apr 20; 67(15):455-458. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6715a5.Белов БС, Муравьева НВ. Современные представления о вакцинации больных ревматическими заболеваниями: взгляд экспертов ACR. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2023; (5–6):77-84.Belov BS, Muravyeva NV. Modern Ideas about Vaccination of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: the View of ACR Experts. Antibiotiki i khimioterapiya. 2023; (5–6):77-84. (In Russ.)Feuchtenberger M, Kleinert S, Schwab S, et al. Vaccination survey in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Jun;32(6):1533-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1808-z. Epub 2011 Feb 15.Feuchtenberger M, Kleinert S, Schwab S, et al. Vaccination survey in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Jun;32(6):1533-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1808-z. Epub 2011 Feb 15.Kiltz U, Celik A, Tsiami S, et al. Are patients with rheumatic diseases on immunosuppressive therapies protected against preventable infections? A cross-sectional cohort study. RMD Open. 2021 Apr;7(1):e001499. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001499.Kiltz U, Celik A, Tsiami S, et al. Are patients with rheumatic diseases on immunosuppressive therapies protected against preventable infections? A cross-sectional cohort study. RMD Open. 2021 Apr;7(1):e001499. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001499.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.