mrjСовременная ревматологияModern Rheumatology Journal1996-70122310-158XIMA-PRESS, LLC10.14412/1996-7012-2025-2-18-25mrj-1735Research ArticleЛЕКЦИЯLECTUREИмитаторы васкулита. Часть I. Имитация васкулита крупных и средних сосудов: инфекции, негенетические васкулопатииMimickers of vasculitis. Part I. Large and medium vessel vasculitis mimickers: infections, non-genetic vasculopathyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-5350ТарасоваГ. М.TarasovaG. M.

Галина Михайловна Тарасова

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

Galina Mikhailovna Tarasova

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522

verizubgm@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-5531ЕгороваО. Н.EgorovaO. N.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-2522РешетнякТ. М.ReshetnyakT. M.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522

2/1, Barrikadnaya Street, Build. 1, Moscow 125993

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5433-3300КойлубаеваГ. М.KoylubaevaG. M.

720040, Бишкек, ул. Тоголока Молдо, 3

Togoloka Moldo Steet, Bishkek 720040

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1880-5678БолотбековаА. М.BolotbekovaA. M.

720040, Бишкек, ул. Тоголока Молдо, 3

Togoloka Moldo Steet, Bishkek 720040

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; ФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian FederationНациональный центр кардиологии и терапии им. акад. Мирсаида Миррахимова при Министерстве здравоохранения Кыргызской республикиКыргызстанNational Center of Cardiology and Therapy named after academician Mirsaid Mirrahimov, Ministry of Health of Kyrgyz RepublicKyrgyzstan2025220420251921825Copyright © Тарасова Г.М., Егорова О.Н., Решетняк Т.М., Койлубаева Г.М., Болотбекова А.М., 20252025Тарасова Г.М., Егорова О.Н., Решетняк Т.М., Койлубаева Г.М., Болотбекова А.М.Tarasova G.M., Egorova O.N., Reshetnyak T.M., Koylubaeva G.M., Bolotbekova A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1735

Первичные системные васкулиты являются четко определенными нозологическими формами, однако ряд заболеваний может имитировать их клинические, лабораторные, рентгенологические и гистологические признаки. В первой части статьи представлен обзор имитаторов васкулитов крупных и средних сосудов, к которым относятся инфекции и негенетические васкулопатии. Установить диагноз крайне важно до начала терапии, что поможет избежать тяжелых и даже катастрофических последствий при ведении пациентов с этими сложными заболеваниями.

Primary systemic vasculitides are well-defined nosological entities, but several diseases can mimic their clinical, laboratory, radiological and histological features. The first part of the article provides an overview of the mimickers of large and medium vessel vasculitis, which include infections and non-genetic vasculopathies. It is extremely important to make a diagnosis before starting therapy in order to avoid severe and even catastrophic consequences when treating patients with these complex diseases.

имитаторы васкулитов крупных и средних сосудовинфекцииваскулопатииlarge and medium vessel vasculitis mimickersinfectionsvasculopathyСтатья подготовлена в рамках научно-исследовательской работы (государственное задание №РК 122040400024-7) и международного научного сотрудничества ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой» (Россия) и Национального центра кардиологии и терапии им. академика Мирсаида Миррахимова при Министерстве здравоохранения Кыргызской республикиThe article was prepared within the framework of a research work (state assignments №РК 122040400024-7) and international scientific cooperation of V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology (Russia) and the National Center of Cardiology and Therapy named after academician Mirsaid Mirrakhimov at the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Republic)ReferencesJennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jan;65(1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/art.37715.Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jan;65(1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/art.37715.Molloy ES, Langford CA. Vasculitis mi mics. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Jan;20(1): 29-34. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f1dcf2.Molloy ES, Langford CA. Vasculitis mi mics. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Jan;20(1): 29-34. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f1dcf2.Kötter I, Reinhold-Keller E. Vaskulitis-Mimics. Z Rheumatol. 2019 Feb;78(1):24-30. Article in German. doi: 10.1007/s00393-018-0581-8.Kötter I, Reinhold-Keller E. Vaskulitis-Mimics. Z Rheumatol. 2019 Feb;78(1):24-30. Article in German. doi: 10.1007/s00393-018-0581-8.Springer JM, Villa-Forte A. Vasculitis Mimics and Other Related Conditions. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2023 Aug;49(3): 617-631. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.03.008.Springer JM, Villa-Forte A. Vasculitis Mimics and Other Related Conditions. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2023 Aug;49(3): 617-631. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.03.008.Seitz L, Seitz P, Pop R, et al. Spectrum of Large and Medium Vessel Vasculitis in Adults: Primary Vasculitides, Arthritides, Connective Tissue, and Fibroinflammatory Diseases. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2022 Nov;24(11):352-370. doi: 10.1007/s11926-022-01086-2.Seitz L, Seitz P, Pop R, et al. Spectrum of Large and Medium Vessel Vasculitis in Adults: Primary Vasculitides, Arthritides, Connective Tissue, and Fibroinflammatory Diseases. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2022 Nov;24(11):352-370. doi: 10.1007/s11926-022-01086-2.Maningding E, Kermani TA. Mimics of vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Jan 5;60(1):34-47. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa495.Maningding E, Kermani TA. Mimics of vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Jan 5;60(1):34-47. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa495.Kermani TA, Byram K. Isolated Aortitis: Workup and Management. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2023 Aug;49(3):523-543. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.03.013.Kermani TA, Byram K. Isolated Aortitis: Workup and Management. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2023 Aug;49(3):523-543. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.03.013.Roberts WC, Barbin CM, Weissenborn MR, et al. Syphilis as a cause of thoracic aortic aneurysm. Am J Cardiol. 2015 Oct 15;116(8): 1298-303. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.030. Epub 2015 Jul 28.Roberts WC, Barbin CM, Weissenborn MR, et al. Syphilis as a cause of thoracic aortic aneurysm. Am J Cardiol. 2015 Oct 15;116(8): 1298-303. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.030. Epub 2015 Jul 28.Гаганов ЛЕ, Лосева ОК, Залевская ОВ, Жуковский РО. Сифилитическая аневризма аорты – источник кишечного кровотечения со смертельным исходом. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2020; 19(2):172-180.Gaganov LE, Loseva OK, Zalevskaya OV, Zhukovskii RO. Syphilitic aortic aneurysm is a source of fatal intestinal bleeding. Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya. 2020; 19(2):172-180. (In Russ.).Miller SA, Ladich ER. Syphilitic Aortitis. N Engl J Med. 2022 May 19;386(20):e55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm2110835. Epub 2022 May 14.Miller SA, Ladich ER. Syphilitic Aortitis. N Engl J Med. 2022 May 19;386(20):e55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm2110835. Epub 2022 May 14.Delaval L, Goulenok T, Achouh P, et al. New insights on tuberculous aortitis. J Vasc Surg. 2017 Jul;66(1):209-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.11.045. Epub 2017 Feb 21.Delaval L, Goulenok T, Achouh P, et al. New insights on tuberculous aortitis. J Vasc Surg. 2017 Jul;66(1):209-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.11.045. Epub 2017 Feb 21.Park SC, Moon IS, Koh YB. Tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Ann Vasc Surg. 2010 Apr;24(3):417.e11-3. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.05.019.Park SC, Moon IS, Koh YB. Tuberculous pseudoaneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Ann Vasc Surg. 2010 Apr;24(3):417.e11-3. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.05.019.Stone JR, Bruneval P, Angelini A, et al. Consensus statement on surgical pathology of the aorta from the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology: I. Inflammatory diseases. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2015 Sep-Oct; 24(5):267-78. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.05.001.Stone JR, Bruneval P, Angelini A, et al. Consensus statement on surgical pathology of the aorta from the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology: I. Inflammatory diseases. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2015 Sep-Oct; 24(5):267-78. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.05.001.Lopes RJ, Almeida J, Dias PJ, et al. Infectious thoracic aortitis: a literature review. Clin Cardiol. 2009 Sep;32(9):488-90. doi: 10.1002/clc.20578.Lopes RJ, Almeida J, Dias PJ, et al. Infectious thoracic aortitis: a literature review. Clin Cardiol. 2009 Sep;32(9):488-90. doi: 10.1002/clc.20578.Journeau L, de la Chapelle M, Guimard T, et al. A strobe multicenter descriptive study of 55 infectious aortitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Oct 2;99(40):e22422. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022422.Journeau L, de la Chapelle M, Guimard T, et al. A strobe multicenter descriptive study of 55 infectious aortitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Oct 2;99(40):e22422. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022422.Oderich GS, Panneton JM, Bower TC, et al. Infected aortic aneurysms: aggressive presentation, complicated early outcome, but durable results. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Nov;34(5): 900-8. doi: 10.1067/mva.2001.118084.Oderich GS, Panneton JM, Bower TC, et al. Infected aortic aneurysms: aggressive presentation, complicated early outcome, but durable results. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Nov;34(5): 900-8. doi: 10.1067/mva.2001.118084.Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al; American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13;132(15):1435-86. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296.Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al; American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13;132(15):1435-86. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296.Brossier J, Lesprit P, Marzelle J, et al. New bacteriological patterns in primary infected aorto-iliac aneurysms: a single-centre experience. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 Nov;40(5):582-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.07.020.Brossier J, Lesprit P, Marzelle J, et al. New bacteriological patterns in primary infected aorto-iliac aneurysms: a single-centre experience. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 Nov;40(5):582-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.07.020.Lee WK, Mossop PJ, Little AF, et al. Infected (mycotic) aneurysms: spectrum of imaging appearances and management. Radio graphics. 2008 Nov-Dec;28(7):1853-68. doi: 10.1148/rg.287085054.Lee WK, Mossop PJ, Little AF, et al. Infected (mycotic) aneurysms: spectrum of imaging appearances and management. Radio graphics. 2008 Nov-Dec;28(7):1853-68. doi: 10.1148/rg.287085054.Murakami M, Morikage N, Samura M, et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography for diagnosis of infected aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014 Apr;28(3): 575-8. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2013.04.013.Murakami M, Morikage N, Samura M, et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography for diagnosis of infected aortic aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014 Apr;28(3): 575-8. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2013.04.013.Zhao TX, Mallat Z. Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 9;73(13):1691-1706. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.083.Zhao TX, Mallat Z. Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 9;73(13):1691-1706. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.083.Пигаревский ПВ, Снегова ВА, Наза ров ПГ. Макрофаги и их роль в дестабилизации атеросклеротической бляшки. Кардиология. 2019;59(4):88-91.Pigarevskii PV, Snegova VA, Nazarov PG. Macrophages and their role in destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. Kardiologiya. 2019; 59(4):88-91. (In Russ.).Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Insights from the Theory of General Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 26;24(9):7910. doi: 10.3390/ijms24097910.Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Insights from the Theory of General Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 26;24(9):7910. doi: 10.3390/ijms24097910.Arnold AC. Pathogenesis of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003 Jun;23(2):157-63. doi: 10.1097/00041327-200306000-00012.Arnold AC. Pathogenesis of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003 Jun;23(2):157-63. doi: 10.1097/00041327-200306000-00012.Nienhuis PH, van Praagh GD, Glaudemans AWJM, et al. A Review on the Value of Imaging in Differentiating between Large Vessel Vasculitis and Atherosclerosis. J Pers Med. 2021 Mar 23;11(3):236. doi: 10.3390/jpm11030236.Nienhuis PH, van Praagh GD, Glaudemans AWJM, et al. A Review on the Value of Imaging in Differentiating between Large Vessel Vasculitis and Atherosclerosis. J Pers Med. 2021 Mar 23;11(3):236. doi: 10.3390/jpm11030236.van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Brou wer E, Mackie SL. Diagnostic Accuracy of Symptoms, Physical Signs, and Laboratory Tests for Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1295-1304. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3050.van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Brou wer E, Mackie SL. Diagnostic Accuracy of Symptoms, Physical Signs, and Laboratory Tests for Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1295-1304. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3050.Kim ESH, Beckman J. Takayasu arteritis: challenges in diagnosis and management. Heart. 2018 Apr;104(7):558-565. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310848.Kim ESH, Beckman J. Takayasu arteritis: challenges in diagnosis and management. Heart. 2018 Apr;104(7):558-565. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310848.Lariviere D, Sacre K, Klein I, et al. Extra and intracranial cerebral vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Dec;93(28):e265. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000265.Lariviere D, Sacre K, Klein I, et al. Extra and intracranial cerebral vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Dec;93(28):e265. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000265.Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of ima ging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Aug 7:ard-2023-224543. doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-224543.Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of ima ging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Aug 7:ard-2023-224543. doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-224543.Егорова ОН, Тарасова ГМ, Койлуба ева ГМ и др. Новая стратерия визуализации васкулитов крупных сосудов (по рекомендациям EULAR 2023 г.). Современная ревматология. 2023;17(6):122-127. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2023-6-122-127.Egorova ON, Tarasova GM, Koilubaeva GM, et al. New imaging strategy for large vessel vasculitis (based on the EULAR-2023 recommendations). Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2023;17(6): 122-127. (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2023-6-122-127.Evangelatos G, Grivas A, Pappa M, et al. Cranial giant cell arteritis mimickers: A masquerade to unveil. Autoimmun Rev. 2022 May; 21(5):103083. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103083.Evangelatos G, Grivas A, Pappa M, et al. Cranial giant cell arteritis mimickers: A masquerade to unveil. Autoimmun Rev. 2022 May; 21(5):103083. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103083.Fernandez-Fernandez E, Monjo-Henry I, Bonilla G, et al. False positives in the ultrasound diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: some diseases can also show the halo sign. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Sep 1;59(9):2443-2447. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez641.Fernandez-Fernandez E, Monjo-Henry I, Bonilla G, et al. False positives in the ultrasound diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: some diseases can also show the halo sign. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Sep 1;59(9):2443-2447. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez641.Schmidt WA. Ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Feb 1;57(suppl_2):ii22-ii31. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex461.Schmidt WA. Ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Feb 1;57(suppl_2):ii22-ii31. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex461.Ma LY, Li CL, Ma LL, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the carotid artery for evaluating disease activity in Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019 Jan 16;21(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1813-2.Ma LY, Li CL, Ma LL, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the carotid artery for evaluating disease activity in Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019 Jan 16;21(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1813-2.Suzuki M, Watari T. Macaroni sign: a clue to Takayasu arteritis diagnosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2022 Aug 2;15(8):e250920. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250920.Suzuki M, Watari T. Macaroni sign: a clue to Takayasu arteritis diagnosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2022 Aug 2;15(8):e250920. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250920.Lopez-Gloria K, Castrejуn I, Nieto-Gonzalez JC, et al. Ultrasound intima media thickness cut-off values for cranial and extracranial arteries in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Aug 26;9:981804. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.981804.Lopez-Gloria K, Castrejуn I, Nieto-Gonzalez JC, et al. Ultrasound intima media thickness cut-off values for cranial and extracranial arteries in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Aug 26;9:981804. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.981804.Ponte C, Martins-Martinho J, Luqmani RA. Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 May 1;59(Suppl 3):iii5-iii16. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez553.Ponte C, Martins-Martinho J, Luqmani RA. Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 May 1;59(Suppl 3):iii5-iii16. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez553.Schwarz F, Strobl FF, Cyran CC, et al. Reproducibility and differentiation of cervical arteriopathies using in vivo high-resolution black-blood MRI at 3 T. Neuroradiology. 2016 Jun;58(6):569-576. doi: 10.1007/s00234-016-1665Schwarz F, Strobl FF, Cyran CC, et al. Reproducibility and differentiation of cervical arteriopathies using in vivo high-resolution black-blood MRI at 3 T. Neuroradiology. 2016 Jun;58(6):569-576. doi: 10.1007/s00234-016-1665Broncano J, Vargas D, Bhalla S, et al. CT and MR Imaging of Cardiothoracic Vasculitis. Radiographics. 2018 Jul-Aug;38(4): 997-1021. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170136.Broncano J, Vargas D, Bhalla S, et al. CT and MR Imaging of Cardiothoracic Vasculitis. Radiographics. 2018 Jul-Aug;38(4): 997-1021. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170136.Das M, Braunschweig T, Mühlenbruch G, et al. CT and MR Imaging of Cardiothoracic Vasculitis. Radiographics. 2018 Jul-Aug;38(4): 997-1021. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170136.Das M, Braunschweig T, Mühlenbruch G, et al. CT and MR Imaging of Cardiothoracic Vasculitis. Radiographics. 2018 Jul-Aug;38(4): 997-1021. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018170136.Betrains A, Blockmans D. Diagnostic Approaches for Large Vessel Vasculitides. Open Access Rheumatol. 2021 Jun 1;13:153-165. doi: 10.2147/OARRR.S282605.Betrains A, Blockmans D. Diagnostic Approaches for Large Vessel Vasculitides. Open Access Rheumatol. 2021 Jun 1;13:153-165. doi: 10.2147/OARRR.S282605.Espitia O, Schanus J, Agard C, et al. Specific features to differentiate Giant cell arteritis aortitis from aortic atheroma using FDG-PET/CT. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 30;11(1): 17389. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96923-2.Espitia O, Schanus J, Agard C, et al. Specific features to differentiate Giant cell arteritis aortitis from aortic atheroma using FDG-PET/CT. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 30;11(1): 17389. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96923-2.Slart RHJA; Writing group; Reviewer group; Members of EANM Cardiovascular; Members of EANM Infection & Inflammation; Members of Committees, SNMMI Cardiovascular; Members of Council, PET Interest Group; Members of ASNC; EANM Committee Coordinator. FDG-PET/CT(A) imaging in large vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica: joint procedural recommendation of the EANM, SNMMI, and the PET Interest Group (PIG), and endorsed by the ASNC. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 Jul;45(7): 1250-1269. doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-3973-8.Slart RHJA; Writing group; Reviewer group; Members of EANM Cardiovascular; Members of EANM Infection & Inflammation; Members of Committees, SNMMI Cardiovascular; Members of Council, PET Interest Group; Members of ASNC; EANM Committee Coordinator. FDG-PET/CT(A) imaging in large vessel vasculitis and polymyalgia rheumatica: joint procedural recommendation of the EANM, SNMMI, and the PET Interest Group (PIG), and endorsed by the ASNC. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 Jul;45(7): 1250-1269. doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-3973-8.Gornik HL, Persu A, Adlam D, et al. Working Group ‘Hypertension and the Kidney’ of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM). First international consensus on the diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia. J Hypertens. 2019 Feb;37(2):229-252. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002019.Gornik HL, Persu A, Adlam D, et al. Working Group ‘Hypertension and the Kidney’ of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM). First international consensus on the diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia. J Hypertens. 2019 Feb;37(2):229-252. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002019.Capsoni F, Poletto G, Giorgetti PL. Fibromuscular dysplasia: a rare disease that can mimic vasculitis. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Dec; 32(12):4027-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1511-5.Capsoni F, Poletto G, Giorgetti PL. Fibromuscular dysplasia: a rare disease that can mimic vasculitis. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Dec; 32(12):4027-9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1511-5.Pontes TC, Rufino GP, Gurgel MG et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia: a differential diagnosis of vasculitis. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012 Jan-Feb;52(1):70Pontes TC, Rufino GP, Gurgel MG et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia: a differential diagnosis of vasculitis. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012 Jan-Feb;52(1):70Skeik N, Olson SL, Hari G, Pavia ML. Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM): Systematic review and analysis of 143 cases. Vasc Med. 2019 Dec;24(6):549-563. doi: 10.1177/1358863X19873410.Skeik N, Olson SL, Hari G, Pavia ML. Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM): Systematic review and analysis of 143 cases. Vasc Med. 2019 Dec;24(6):549-563. doi: 10.1177/1358863X19873410.Pillai AK, Iqbal SI, Liu RW, et al. Segmental arterial mediolysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014 Jun;37(3):604-12. doi: 10.1007/s00270-014-0859-4. Epub 2014 Feb 20.Pillai AK, Iqbal SI, Liu RW, et al. Segmental arterial mediolysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014 Jun;37(3):604-12. doi: 10.1007/s00270-014-0859-4. Epub 2014 Feb 20.Horsley-Silva JL, Ngamruengphong S, Frey GT, et al. Segmental arterial mediolysis: a case of mistaken hemorrhagic pancreatitis and review of the literature. JOP. 2014 Jan 10;15(1):72-7. doi: 10.6092/1590-8577/2036.Horsley-Silva JL, Ngamruengphong S, Frey GT, et al. Segmental arterial mediolysis: a case of mistaken hemorrhagic pancreatitis and review of the literature. JOP. 2014 Jan 10;15(1):72-7. doi: 10.6092/1590-8577/2036.Chao CP. Segmental arterial mediolysis. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2009 Sep;26(3):224-32. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1225666.Chao CP. Segmental arterial mediolysis. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2009 Sep;26(3):224-32. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1225666.Garcia-Barquin P, Bilbao JI, Quilez A, et al. Segmental arterial mediolysis: findings at computed tomography angiography. Radiologia. 2016 Nov-Dec;58(6):435-443. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.05.003.Garcia-Barquin P, Bilbao JI, Quilez A, et al. Segmental arterial mediolysis: findings at computed tomography angiography. Radiologia. 2016 Nov-Dec;58(6):435-443. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.05.003.Phillips CK, Lepor H. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage caused by segmental arterial mediolysis. Rev Urol. 2006 Winter;8(1):36-40.Phillips CK, Lepor H. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage caused by segmental arterial mediolysis. Rev Urol. 2006 Winter;8(1):36-40.Сергеев АВ, Осипова ВВ, Табеева ГР, Снопкова ЕВ. Синдром обратимой церебральной вазоконстрикции. Неврологический журнал. 2012; (3):4-11.Sergeev AV, Osipova VV, Tabeeva GR, Snopkova EV. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Nevrologicheskii zhurnal. 2012; (3): 4-11. (In Russ.).Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Fok JW, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes and primary angiitis of the central nervous system: clinical, imaging, and angiographic comparison. Ann Neurol. 2016 Jun; 79(6):882-94. doi: 10.1002/ana.24652.Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Fok JW, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes and primary angiitis of the central nervous system: clinical, imaging, and angiographic comparison. Ann Neurol. 2016 Jun; 79(6):882-94. doi: 10.1002/ana.24652.Ducros A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Oct; 11(10):906-17. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70135-7.Ducros A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Oct; 11(10):906-17. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70135-7.Caria F, Zedde M, Gamba M, et al. Italian Project on Stroke at Young Age (IPSYS) Investigators. The clinical spectrum of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: The Italian Project on Stroke at Young Age (IPSYS). Cephalalgia. 2019 Sep;39(10):1267-1276. doi: 10.1177/0333102419849013.Caria F, Zedde M, Gamba M, et al. Italian Project on Stroke at Young Age (IPSYS) Investigators. The clinical spectrum of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: The Italian Project on Stroke at Young Age (IPSYS). Cephalalgia. 2019 Sep;39(10):1267-1276. doi: 10.1177/0333102419849013.Sarti C, Picchioni A, Telese R, et al. "When should primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) be suspected?": literature review and proposal of a preliminary screening algorithm. Neurol Sci. 2020 Nov; 41(11):3135-3148. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04583-3.Sarti C, Picchioni A, Telese R, et al. "When should primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) be suspected?": literature review and proposal of a preliminary screening algorithm. Neurol Sci. 2020 Nov; 41(11):3135-3148. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04583-3.Beuker C, Strunk D, Rawal R, et al. Primary Angiitis of the CNS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Oct 18;8(6):e1093. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001093.Beuker C, Strunk D, Rawal R, et al. Primary Angiitis of the CNS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Oct 18;8(6):e1093. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001093.Калашникова ЛА, Добрынина ЛА, Легенько МС. Первичный васкулит центральной нервной системы. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019;119(8):113-123.Kalashnikova LA, Dobrynina LA, Legenko MS. Primary central nervous system vasculitis. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2019;119(8):113-123. (In Russ.).Paul SA, Roy D, Mondal GP, et al. Primary angiitis of central nervous system – A challenging diagnosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2022 May 15;366:577844. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577844.Paul SA, Roy D, Mondal GP, et al. Primary angiitis of central nervous system – A challenging diagnosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2022 May 15;366:577844. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577844.Young CC, Bonow RH, Barros G et al. Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in cerebrovascular diseases. Neurosurg Focus. 2019 Dec 13;47(6):E4. doi: 10.3171/2019.9.FOCUS19599.Young CC, Bonow RH, Barros G et al. Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in cerebrovascular diseases. Neurosurg Focus. 2019 Dec 13;47(6):E4. doi: 10.3171/2019.9.FOCUS19599.Perillo T, Paolella C, Perrotta G, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: review of neuroimaging findings. La Radiologia Medica. 2022 Sep;127(9): 981-990. doi: 10.1007/s11547-022-01532-2.Perillo T, Paolella C, Perrotta G, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: review of neuroimaging findings. La Radiologia Medica. 2022 Sep;127(9): 981-990. doi: 10.1007/s11547-022-01532-2.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.