<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mrj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Rheumatology Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1996-7012</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-158X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1996-7012-2025-5-20-25</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mrj-1836</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Галектины 1, 3 и 9 у больных системной красной волчанкой: есть ли связь с активностью заболевания или клиническими проявлениями?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Galectins 1, 3 and 9 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: is there an association with disease activity or clinical manifestations?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-5936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondrateva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любовь Валерьевна Кондратьева </p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov Valeryevna Kondrateva </p><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kondratyeva.liubov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-6952</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панафидина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panafidina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2024-6927</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунова</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunova</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-4689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popkova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-0042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диатроптов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diatroptov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-9175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeeva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кондратьева Л.В., Панафидина Т.А., Горбунова Ю.Н., Попкова Т.В., Диатроптов М.Е., Авдеева А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Л.В., Панафидина Т.А., Горбунова Ю.Н., Попкова Т.В., Диатроптов М.Е., Авдеева А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kondrateva L.V., Panafidina T.A., Gorbunova Y.N., Popkova T.V., Diatroptov M.E., Avdeeva A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1836">https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1836</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – сравнить сывороточные концентрации галектинов 1, 3 и 9 у женщин с системной красной волчанкой (СКВ) и здоровых доноров; определить взаимосвязь указанных биомаркеров с активностью и отдельными клиническими проявлениями заболевания.Материал и методы. В поперечное исследование включены женщины с СКВ (n=121) и без иммуновоспалительных ревматических заболеваний (n=21; контрольная группа). Содержание в сыворотке крови галектинов 1, 3 и 9 определяли с помощью иммуноферментного метода (Cloud-Clone Corp., Китай)Результаты и обсуждение. Уровни всех трех галектинов при СКВ оказались выше, чем в контрольной группе. Обнаружены слабые корреляции SLEDAI-2K с концентрацией галектина 1 (r=0,33, p=0,0003) и галектина 3 (r=0,26, p=0,005), индекса повреждения c уровнем галектина 3 (r=0,2, p=0,04). У больных СКВ с поражением кожи, артритом и гемолитической анемией содержание галектина 1 в сыворотке крови было выше, чем у пациенток без этих клинических проявлений. У женщин с нефритом и серозитом выявлены более высокие концентрации галектина 3 по сравнению с пациентками, не имевшими подобных проявлений. При СКВ с антифосфолипидным синдромом (АФС) отмечены более низкие уровни галектина 1, а при СКВ с синдромом Шегрена (СШ) – более высокие концентрации галектинов 3 и 9. Уровни антител к двухцепочечной ДНК (аДНК) коррелировали с концентрацией галектина 1 (r=0,19, p=0,039), галектина 3 (r=0,2, p=0,027) и галектина 9 (r=0,19, p=0,034), С3 и С4 – только с концентрацией галектина 9 (r=-0,19, p=0,04 и r= -0,18, p=0,045 соответственно).Заключение. Содержание в сыворотке крови галектинов 1, 3 и 9 у женщин с СКВ повышено. Уровни галектинов 1 и 3 слабо взаимосвязаны с активностью СКВ, а галектина 3 – с выраженностью необратимых изменений. Некоторые клинические признаки при СКВ ассоциируются с более высокой концентрацией указанных биомаркеров: для галектина 1 – это поражение кожи, артрит, гемолитическая анемия, отсутствие АФС, для галектина 3 – нефрит, серозит и СШ, для галектина 9 – СШ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. To compare serum concentrations of galectins 1, 3 and 9 in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy donors; to assess the relationship of these biomarkers with disease activity and specific clinical manifestations.Material and methods. This cross-sectional study included women with SLE (n=121) and women without immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases (n=21; control group). Serum levels of galectins 1, 3 and 9 were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (Cloud-Clone Corp., China).Results and discussion. Levels of all three galectins were higher in SLE patients compared with the control group. Weak correlations were found between SLEDAI-2K and galectin 1 (r=0.33, p=0.0003) and galectin 3 (r=0.26, p=0.005), and between the damage index and galectin 3 (r=0.2, p=0.04). In patients with SLE and cutaneous involvement, arthritis, or hemolytic anemia, serum galectin 1 was higher than in patients without these manifestations. Women with nephritis and serositis had higher galectin 3 concentrations than those without such features. Patients with SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) had lower galectin 1 levels, whereas those with secondary Sjцgren’s syndrome (SS) had higher concentrations of galectins 3 and 9. Anti-dsDNA antibody levels correlated with galectin 1 (r=0.19, p=0.039), galectin 3 (r=0.2, p=0.027), and galectin 9 (r=0.19, p=0.034) concentrations, while C3 and C4 complement levels correlated only with galectin 9 concentrations (r=-0.19, p=0.04 and r=-0.18, p=0.045, respectively).Conclusion. Serum concentrations of galectins 1, 3 and 9 are elevated in women with SLE. Levels of galectins 1 and 3 show weak associations with SLE activity, while galectin 3 levels correlates with the severity of irreversible damage. Certain clinical features of SLE are associated with higher levels of these biomarkers: for galectin 1 – cutaneous involvement, arthritis, hemolytic anemia, absence of APS; for galectin 3 – nephritis, serositis and SS; for galectin 9 – SS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>галектин 1</kwd><kwd>галектин 3</kwd><kwd>галектин 9</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>galectin 1</kwd><kwd>galectin 3</kwd><kwd>galectin 9</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках фундаментальных тем «Изучение иммунопатологии, диагностики и терапии на ранних стадиях системных ревматических заболеваний» (Рег.№ 122040400024-7) и «Изучение иммунопатологии и подходы к терапии при системных ревматических заболеваниях» (РК 125020501434-1).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the basic scientific projects “Investigation of immunopathology, diagnosis and therapy at early stages of systemic rheumatic diseases” (Reg. № 122040400024-7) and “Investigation of immunopathology and approaches to therapy in systemic rheumatic diseases” (PK 125020501434-1).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Соловьев СК, Аршинов АВ. Системная красная волчанка: история и современность. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2022;60(4):397-412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Solov’ev SK, Arshinov AV. Systemic lupus erythematosus: history and modernity. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia. 2022;60(4):397-412. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johannes L, Jacob R, Leffler H. Galectins at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2018 May 1;131(9): jcs208884. doi: 10.1242/jcs.208884.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johannes L, Jacob R, Leffler H. Galectins at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2018 May 1;131(9): jcs208884. doi: 10.1242/jcs.208884.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анкудинов АС, Калягин АН. Анализ симптомов хронической сердечной недостаточности у пациентов с ревматоидным артритом и их взаимосвязь с уровнем галектина-3. Забайкальский медицинский вестник. 2021;(4):1-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ankudinov AS, Kalyagin AN. Analysis of symptoms of chronic heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their relationship with the level of galectin-3. Zabaikal'skii meditsinskii vestnik. 2021;(4):1-10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8): 2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8): 2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2): 288-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2): 288-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Touma Z, Urowitz MB, Ibanez D, Gladman DD. SLEDAI-2K 10 days versus SLEDAI-2K 30 days in a longitudinal evaluation. Lupus. 2011 Jan;20(1):67-70. doi: 10.1177/0961203310385163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Touma Z, Urowitz MB, Ibanez D, Gladman DD. SLEDAI-2K 10 days versus SLEDAI-2K 30 days in a longitudinal evaluation. Lupus. 2011 Jan;20(1):67-70. doi: 10.1177/0961203310385163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, редактор. Российские клинические рекомендации. Ревматология. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, editor. Russian clinical recommendations. Rheumatology. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montiel JL, Monsivais-Urenda A, Figueroa-Vega N, et al. Anti-CD43 and antigalectin-1 autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010;39(1):50-57. doi: 10.3109/03009740903013213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montiel JL, Monsivais-Urenda A, Figueroa-Vega N, et al. Anti-CD43 and antigalectin-1 autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010;39(1):50-57. doi: 10.3109/03009740903013213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang EH, Moon KC, Lee EY, et al. Renal expression of galectin-3 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with nephritis. Lupus. 2009 Jan;18(1):22-8. doi: 10.1177/0961203308094361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang EH, Moon KC, Lee EY, et al. Renal expression of galectin-3 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with nephritis. Lupus. 2009 Jan;18(1):22-8. doi: 10.1177/0961203308094361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gruszewska E, Cylwik B, GindzienskaSieskiewicz E, et al. Diagnostic power of galectin-3 in rheumatic diseases. J Clin Med. 2020 Oct 15;9(10):3312. doi: 10.3390/jcm9103312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gruszewska E, Cylwik B, GindzienskaSieskiewicz E, et al. Diagnostic power of galectin-3 in rheumatic diseases. J Clin Med. 2020 Oct 15;9(10):3312. doi: 10.3390/jcm9103312.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koca SS, Akbas F, Ozgen M, et al. Serum galectin-3 level in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Feb;33(2):215-20. doi: 10.1007/s10067-013-2346-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koca SS, Akbas F, Ozgen M, et al. Serum galectin-3 level in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Feb;33(2):215-20. doi: 10.1007/s10067-013-2346-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi Z, Meng Z, Han Y, et al. The involvement of galectin-3 in skin injury in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 2018 Apr;27(4):621-627. doi: 10.1177/0961203317736144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi Z, Meng Z, Han Y, et al. The involvement of galectin-3 in skin injury in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 2018 Apr;27(4):621-627. doi: 10.1177/0961203317736144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalinska-Bienias A, Kowalczyk E, Bienias P, et al. Serum galectin-3 and galectin-3 binding protein levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2021 Apr;38(2): 274-280. doi: 10.5114/ada.2020.92320.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinska-Bienias A, Kowalczyk E, Bienias P, et al. Serum galectin-3 and galectin-3 binding protein levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2021 Apr;38(2): 274-280. doi: 10.5114/ada.2020.92320.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koletsos N, Lazaridis A, Triantafyllou A, et al. Accumulation of microvascular target organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Med. 2024 Apr 8; 13(7):2140. doi: 10.3390/jcm13072140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koletsos N, Lazaridis A, Triantafyllou A, et al. Accumulation of microvascular target organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Med. 2024 Apr 8; 13(7):2140. doi: 10.3390/jcm13072140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiao Q, Qian Q, Zhao Z, et al. Expression of human T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-3 (TIM-3) and TIM-3 ligands in peripheral blood from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016 Oct;308(8):553-61. doi: 10.1007/s00403-016-1665-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiao Q, Qian Q, Zhao Z, et al. Expression of human T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-3 (TIM-3) and TIM-3 ligands in peripheral blood from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016 Oct;308(8):553-61. doi: 10.1007/s00403-016-1665-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van den Hoogen LL, van Roon JAG, Mertens JS, et al. Galectin-9 is an easy to measure biomarker for the interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Dec;77(12):1810-1814. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van den Hoogen LL, van Roon JAG, Mertens JS, et al. Galectin-9 is an easy to measure biomarker for the interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Dec;77(12):1810-1814. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enocsson H, Wetterö J, Eloranta ML, et al. Comparison of surrogate markers of the type I interferon response and their ability to mirror disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2021 Jun 30:12: 688753. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enocsson H, Wetterö J, Eloranta ML, et al. Comparison of surrogate markers of the type I interferon response and their ability to mirror disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2021 Jun 30:12: 688753. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsuoka N, Fujita Y, Temmoku J, et al. Galectin-9 as a biomarker for disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One. 2020 Jan 27;15(1):e0227069. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsuoka N, Fujita Y, Temmoku J, et al. Galectin-9 as a biomarker for disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One. 2020 Jan 27;15(1):e0227069. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehta P, Singh P, Aggarwal A. Serum and urinary galectin-9 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10. Lupus. 2022 Apr;31(4):482- 487. doi: 10.1177/09612033221082907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehta P, Singh P, Aggarwal A. Serum and urinary galectin-9 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10. Lupus. 2022 Apr;31(4):482- 487. doi: 10.1177/09612033221082907.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gensous N, Vagner D, Barnetche T, et al. CXCL-10 and tumor necrosis factor receptor type II as biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Joint Bone Spine. 2022 May;89(3):105311. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gensous N, Vagner D, Barnetche T, et al. CXCL-10 and tumor necrosis factor receptor type II as biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Joint Bone Spine. 2022 May;89(3):105311. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mirioglu S, Cinar S, Uludag Ö, et al. Serum and urine interferon-inducible protein 10, galectin-9, and SIGLEC-1 as biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Turk J Med Sci. 2024 Jan 20;54(2): 391-400. doi: 10.55730/1300-0144.5804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirioglu S, Cinar S, Uludag Ö, et al. Serum and urine interferon-inducible protein 10, galectin-9, and SIGLEC-1 as biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Turk J Med Sci. 2024 Jan 20;54(2): 391-400. doi: 10.55730/1300-0144.5804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu J, Yu X, Liu X, et al. Serum galectin-3 can help distinguish lupus nephritis from systemic lupus erythematosus and is also correlated with the degree of renal damage in lupus nephritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Dec 20; 103(51):e40987. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000040987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu J, Yu X, Liu X, et al. Serum galectin-3 can help distinguish lupus nephritis from systemic lupus erythematosus and is also correlated with the degree of renal damage in lupus nephritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Dec 20; 103(51):e40987. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000040987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao CN, Mao YM, Liu LN, et al. Plasma galectin-3 levels do not differ in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019 Oct;22(10):1820-1824. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao CN, Mao YM, Liu LN, et al. Plasma galectin-3 levels do not differ in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019 Oct;22(10):1820-1824. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13677.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li LC, Li J, Gao J. Functions of galectin-3 and its role in fibrotic diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014 Nov;351(2):336-43. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.218370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li LC, Li J, Gao J. Functions of galectin-3 and its role in fibrotic diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014 Nov;351(2):336-43. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.218370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akin S, Gucuk-Ipek E, Hayta U, et al. Long-term Dexamethasone Treatment Increases Cardiac Galectin-3 Levels. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2023 Oct;37(5):1027-1029. doi: 10.1007/s10557-022-07344-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akin S, Gucuk-Ipek E, Hayta U, et al. Long-term Dexamethasone Treatment Increases Cardiac Galectin-3 Levels. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2023 Oct;37(5):1027-1029. doi: 10.1007/s10557-022-07344-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moritoki M, Kadowaki T, Niki T, et al. Galectin-9 ameliorates clinical severity of MRL/lpr lupusprone mice by inducing plasma cell apoptosis independently of Tim-3. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 9;8(4):e60807. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060807.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moritoki M, Kadowaki T, Niki T, et al. Galectin-9 ameliorates clinical severity of MRL/lpr lupusprone mice by inducing plasma cell apoptosis independently of Tim-3. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 9;8(4):e60807. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060807.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van den Hoogen LL, van der Heijden EHM, Hillen MR, et al. Galectin-9 reflects the interferon signature and correlates with disease activity in systemic autoimmune diseases. Response to: ’Biomarkers:to be or not to be’ by Yavuz and Rönnblom. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):e9. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van den Hoogen LL, van der Heijden EHM, Hillen MR, et al. Galectin-9 reflects the interferon signature and correlates with disease activity in systemic autoimmune diseases. Response to: ’Biomarkers:to be or not to be’ by Yavuz and Rönnblom. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):e9. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
