<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mrj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Rheumatology Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1996-7012</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-158X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1996-7012-2026-3-28-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mrj-1994</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Волчаночный нефрит у пациентов Кыргызстана: клинико-лабораторные проявления, варианты течения и прогностические факторы развития</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lupus nephritis in patients from Kyrgyzstan: clinical and laboratory manifestations, disease course variants, and prognostic factors for development</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5433-3300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Койлубаева</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koilubayeva</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гулазык Маликовна Койлубаева</p><p>720040, Бишкек, ул. Тоголока Молдо, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulazyk Malikovna Koylubayeva</p><p>3, Togolok Moldo Street, Bishkek 720040 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makmal@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-7810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асеева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aseeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-1732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-3080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лила</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lila</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p><p>2/1, Barrikadnaya Street, Build. 1, Moscow 125993</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-4669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аыйпова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aiypova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>720040, Бишкек, ул. Тоголока Молдо, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Togolok Moldo Street, Bishkek 720040 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4285-0869</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глухова</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glukhova</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>720040, Бишкек, ул. Тоголока Молдо, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный центр кардиологии и терапии им. акад. Мирсаида Миррахимова при Министерстве здравоохранения Кыргызской республики</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Acad. Mirsaid Mirrakhimov National Center of Cardiology and Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Койлубаева Г.М., Асеева Е.А., Соловьев С.К., Лила А.М., Аыйпова Д.А., Глухова С.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Койлубаева Г.М., Асеева Е.А., Соловьев С.К., Лила А.М., Аыйпова Д.А., Глухова С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koilubayeva G.M., Aseeva E.A., Solovyev S.K., Lila A.M., Aiypova D.A., Glukhova S.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1994">https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/1994</self-uri><abstract><p>Волчаночный нефрит (ВН) в значительной степени определяет тяжелое течение и неблагоприятный жизненный прогноз пациентов с системной красной волчанкой (СКВ) и остается одной из важных терапевтических проблем. Особенно тяжело ВН протекает у афроамериканцев, испанцев и азиатов, что обусловлено генетическими особенностями этих этносов. </p><p>Цель исследования – изучить клинико-лабораторные проявления, варианты течения и прогностические факторы развития ВН у пациентов Кыргызстана.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование включено 800 пациентов с достоверным диагнозом СКВ, соответствующим классификационным критериям SLICC. Диагноз ВН устанавливался согласно критериям ACR (2004). Для определения острого повреждения почек (ОПП) были использованы критерии KDIGO (2012). Для определения степени снижения скорости клубочковой фильтрации и выраженности протеинурии применялась классификация хронической болезни почек (ХБП) по KDIGO (2012). </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Поражение почек диагностировано у 295 (36,9%) из 800 больных СКВ. У пациентов с ВН отмечалась высокая частота кожно-слизистого синдрома (91,2%), серозита (88,5%), алопеции (66,4%), поражения центральной нервной системы – ЦНС (42,7%), лимфопении (35,2%) и гипокомплементемии по С3 (55,6%) и С4 (53,2%). В 45,8% случаев наблюдались тяжелые стадии ХБП (С3а, С3б, С4 и С5) с развитием нефротического синдрома у 22,7% и ОПП у 7,8% больных. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Частота ВН при СКВ в кыргызской когорте составила 36,9%, среди пациентов с ВН преобладали женщины (89,5%). В 45,8% случаев наблюдались тяжелые формы ВН с развитием ОПП (у 7,8% больных) и терминальной почечной недостаточности (у 4,7%). Факторами повышенного риска развития ВН в кыргызской когорте являются острый вариант течения СКВ, высокая активность, лихорадка, поражение слизистых оболочек, ЦНС, легких, серозит, легочная артериальная гипертензия, лейкопения/лимфопения, позитивность по антителам к Sm-антигену и гипокомплементемия по С3 и С4. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Lupus nephritis (LN) largely determines the severe course and unfavorable life prognosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and remains one of the important therapeutic problems. LN is particularly severe in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians, which is attributed to genetic characteristics of these ethnic groups. </p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to study clinical and laboratory manifestations, disease course variants, and prognostic factors for LN development in patients from Kyrgyzstan. </p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study included 800 patients with a definite diagnosis of SLE meeting the SLICC classification criteria. LN was diagnosed according to the ACR criteria (2004). The KDIGO criteria (2012) were used to define acute kidney injury (AKI). The KDIGO (2012) chronic kidney disease (CKD) classification was applied to determine the degree of decrease in glomerular filtration rate and the severity of proteinuria. </p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Kidney involvement was diagnosed in 295 (36.9%) of 800 SLE patients. Patients with LN had a high frequency of mucocutaneous syndrome (91.2%), serositis (88.5%), alopecia (66.4%), central nervous system (CNS) involvement (42.7%), lymphopenia (35.2%), and hypocomplementemia for C3 (55.6%) and C4 (53.2%). In 45.8% of cases, severe CKD stages (G3a, G3b, G4, and G5) were observed, with nephrotic syndrome developing in 22.7% and AKI in 7.8% of patients. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The frequency of LN in SLE in the Kyrgyz cohort was 36.9%, and women predominated among patients with LN (89.5%). In 45.8% of cases, severe forms of LN were observed with the development of AKI (in 7.8% of patients) and end-stage renal disease (in 4.7%). Factors associated with an increased risk of LN in the Kyrgyz cohort include acute course of SLE, high disease activity, fever, mucosal involvement, CNS involvement, lung involvement, serositis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, leukopenia/lymphopenia, positivity for anti-Sm antibodies, and hypocomplementemia for C3 and C4. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>волчаночный нефрит</kwd><kwd>азиаты</kwd><kwd>кыргызская когорта</kwd><kwd>терминальная почечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>предикторы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>lupus nephritis</kwd><kwd>Asians</kwd><kwd>Kyrgyz cohort</kwd><kwd>end-stage renal disease</kwd><kwd>predictors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danila MI, Pons-Estel GJ, Zhang J, et al. Renal damage is the most important predictor of mortality within the damage index: data from LUMINA LXIV, a multiethnic cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 May;48(5): 542-5. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danila MI, Pons-Estel GJ, Zhang J, et al. Renal damage is the most important predictor of mortality within the damage index: data from LUMINA LXIV, a multiethnic cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 May;48(5): 542-5. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dooley MA. Clinical and epidemiologic features of lupus nephritis. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, eds. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus and related syndromes. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. P. 438-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dooley MA. Clinical and epidemiologic features of lupus nephritis. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, eds. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus and related syndromes. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. P. 438-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhir V, Aggarwal A, Lawrence A, et al. Long-term outcome of lupus nephritis in Asian Indians. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 May;64(5):713-20. doi: 10.1002/acr.21597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhir V, Aggarwal A, Lawrence A, et al. Long-term outcome of lupus nephritis in Asian Indians. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 May;64(5):713-20. doi: 10.1002/acr.21597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakes RW, Bae SC, Louthrenoo W, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb;64(2):159-68. doi: 10.1002/acr.20683.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakes RW, Bae SC, Louthrenoo W, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb;64(2):159-68. doi: 10.1002/acr.20683.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osio-Salido E, Manapat-Reyes H. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia. Lupus. 2010 Oct;19(12):1365-73. doi: 10.1177/0961203310374305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osio-Salido E, Manapat-Reyes H. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia. Lupus. 2010 Oct;19(12):1365-73. doi: 10.1177/0961203310374305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Fang C, Goldman DW. East-Asian lupus nephritis in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Rheumatol Immunol Res. 2023 Sep 27;4(3): 157-161. doi: 10.2478/rir-2023-0022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Fang C, Goldman DW. East-Asian lupus nephritis in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Rheumatol Immunol Res. 2023 Sep 27;4(3): 157-161. doi: 10.2478/rir-2023-0022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Barr E, Magder LS. Risk of Renal Failure Within 10 or 20 Years of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diagnosis. J Rheumatol. 2021 Feb;48(2):222-227. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.191094.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Barr E, Magder LS. Risk of Renal Failure Within 10 or 20 Years of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diagnosis. J Rheumatol. 2021 Feb;48(2):222-227. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.191094.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bae EH, Lim SY, Han KD, et al. Trend of prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in South Korea, 2005 to 2015: a nationwide population-based study. Korean J Intern Med. 2020 May;35(3):652-661. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bae EH, Lim SY, Han KD, et al. Trend of prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in South Korea, 2005 to 2015: a nationwide population-based study. Korean J Intern Med. 2020 May;35(3):652-661. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shayakul C, Ong-aj-yooth L, Chirawong P, et al. Lupus nephritis in Thailand: clinicopathologic findings and outcome in 569 patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995 Aug;26(2): 300-7. doi: 10.1016/0272-6386(95)90650-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shayakul C, Ong-aj-yooth L, Chirawong P, et al. Lupus nephritis in Thailand: clinicopathologic findings and outcome in 569 patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995 Aug;26(2): 300-7. doi: 10.1016/0272-6386(95)90650-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boey ML, Peebles CL, Tsay G, et al. Clinical and autoantibody correlations in Orientals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 Nov;47(11):918-23. doi: 10.1136/ard.47.11.918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boey ML, Peebles CL, Tsay G, et al. Clinical and autoantibody correlations in Orientals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 Nov;47(11):918-23. doi: 10.1136/ard.47.11.918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang J, Liang D, Zhang H, et al. Longterm renal outcomes in a cohort of 1814 Chinese patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2015 Dec;24(14):1468-78. doi: 10.1177/0961203315593166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang J, Liang D, Zhang H, et al. Longterm renal outcomes in a cohort of 1814 Chinese patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2015 Dec;24(14):1468-78. doi: 10.1177/0961203315593166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Orbai A, Alarson G, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8):2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Orbai A, Alarson G, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64(8):2677-86. doi: 10.1002/art.34473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонова ВА. Системная красная волчанка. Москва: Медицина; 1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonova VA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Moscow: Meditsina; 1972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity in dex 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2):288-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity in dex 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2):288-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Loukkola J, et al. Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Oct;45(5):419-23. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)45:5&lt;419:: aid-art360&gt;3.0.co;2-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Loukkola J, et al. Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Oct;45(5):419-23. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)45:5&lt;419:: aid-art360&gt;3.0.co;2-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman DD, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, et al. The Development and initial validation of the Systemic lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index for Systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Mar;39(3):363-9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780390303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman DD, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, et al. The Development and initial validation of the Systemic lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index for Systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Mar;39(3):363-9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780390303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dooley M, Aranow C, Ginzler EM. Review of ACR renal criteria in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13(11):857-60. doi: 10.1191/0961203304lu2023oa.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dooley M, Aranow C, Ginzler EM. Review of ACR renal criteria in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13(11):857-60. doi: 10.1191/0961203304lu2023oa.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138. doi: doi:10.1038/kisup.2012.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138. doi: doi:10.1038/kisup.2012.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inker L, Astor B, Fox CH, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 May; 63(5):713-35. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.01.416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inker L, Astor B, Fox CH, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 May; 63(5):713-35. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.01.416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costenbader KH, Desai A, Alarcon GS, et al. Trends in the incidence, demographics, and outcomes of end-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis in the US from 1995 to 2006. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jun;63(6):1681-8. doi: 10.1002/art.30293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costenbader KH, Desai A, Alarcon GS, et al. Trends in the incidence, demographics, and outcomes of end-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis in the US from 1995 to 2006. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jun;63(6):1681-8. doi: 10.1002/art.30293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Croca SC, Rodrigues T, Isenberg DA. Assessment of a lupus nephritis cohort over a 30-year period. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Aug;50(8):1424-30. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Croca SC, Rodrigues T, Isenberg DA. Assessment of a lupus nephritis cohort over a 30-year period. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Aug;50(8):1424-30. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li PH, Wong WH, Lee TL, et al. Relationship between autoantibody clustering and clinical subsets in SLE: cluster and association analyses in Hong Kong Chinese. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Feb;52(2):337-45. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li PH, Wong WH, Lee TL, et al. Relationship between autoantibody clustering and clinical subsets in SLE: cluster and association analyses in Hong Kong Chinese. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Feb;52(2):337-45. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yap DY, Chan TM. Treatment of LN: practical issues in Asian countries. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015 Feb;18(2):138-45. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yap DY, Chan TM. Treatment of LN: practical issues in Asian countries. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015 Feb;18(2):138-45. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Attia HM. Lupus Nephritis among Arabs – Differences with other Races; Emphasis on Clinicopathological and Serological Perspectives. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2000 Jul-Sep;11(3):370-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Attia HM. Lupus Nephritis among Arabs – Differences with other Races; Emphasis on Clinicopathological and Serological Perspectives. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2000 Jul-Sep;11(3):370-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bastian HM, Roseman JM, McGwin G Jr, et al. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in Minority populations: Nature vs nurture: Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XII. Risk factors for lupus nephritis after diagnosis. Lupus. 2002;11(3):152-60. doi: 10.1191/0961203302lu158oa.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bastian HM, Roseman JM, McGwin G Jr, et al. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in Minority populations: Nature vs nurture: Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XII. Risk factors for lupus nephritis after diagnosis. Lupus. 2002;11(3):152-60. doi: 10.1191/0961203302lu158oa.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malaviya AN, Chandrasekaran AN, Kumar A, Shamar PN. Systemic lupus erythematosus in India. Lupus. 1997;6(9):690-700. doi: 10.1177/096120339700600903.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malaviya AN, Chandrasekaran AN, Kumar A, Shamar PN. Systemic lupus erythematosus in India. Lupus. 1997;6(9):690-700. doi: 10.1177/096120339700600903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li WG, Ye ZZ, Yin ZH, Zhang K. Clinical and immunological characteristics in 552 systemic lupus erythematosus patients in a southern province of China. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017 Jan;20(1):68-75. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li WG, Ye ZZ, Yin ZH, Zhang K. Clinical and immunological characteristics in 552 systemic lupus erythematosus patients in a southern province of China. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017 Jan;20(1):68-75. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakes RW, Bae SC, Louthrenoo W, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb;64(2):159-68. doi: 10.1002/ acr.20683.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakes RW, Bae SC, Louthrenoo W, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, incidence, clinical features, and mortality. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb;64(2):159-68. doi: 10.1002/ acr.20683.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cornet A, Mitsakou ZK, Andersen J, et al. Experiences and unmet needs of persons living with systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe: Lupus Europe's 2024 Swiss knife survey. Autoimmun Rev. 2025 Jul 31;24(8):103838. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cornet A, Mitsakou ZK, Andersen J, et al. Experiences and unmet needs of persons living with systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe: Lupus Europe's 2024 Swiss knife survey. Autoimmun Rev. 2025 Jul 31;24(8):103838. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Velez-Verbel M, Aroca-Martinez G, Velez-Verbel D, et al. Clinical and Immunological Factors Associated with the Progression of Lupus Nephritis in a Population from the Colombian Caribbean. Biomedicines. 2024 Sep 9;12(9):2047. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12092047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velez-Verbel M, Aroca-Martinez G, Velez-Verbel D, et al. Clinical and Immunological Factors Associated with the Progression of Lupus Nephritis in a Population from the Colombian Caribbean. Biomedicines. 2024 Sep 9;12(9):2047. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12092047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korbett SM, Schwartz MM, Evans J, et al. Collaborative Study Group. Severe lupus nephritis: racial differences in presentation and outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan; 18(1):244-54. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006090992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korbett SM, Schwartz MM, Evans J, et al. Collaborative Study Group. Severe lupus nephritis: racial differences in presentation and outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan; 18(1):244-54. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006090992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alarcon GS, Roseman J, Bartolucci AA, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: II. Features predictive of disease activity early in its course. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Jul;41(7):1173-80. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7&lt;1173::AID-ART5&gt; 3.0.CO;2-A.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alarcon GS, Roseman J, Bartolucci AA, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: II. Features predictive of disease activity early in its course. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Jul;41(7):1173-80. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7&lt;1173::AID-ART5&gt; 3.0.CO;2-A.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peralta-Ramirez MI, Jimenez-Alonso J, Godoy-Garcia JF, et al. Group Lupus Virgen de las Nieves.The effects of daily stress and stressful life events on the clinical symptomatology of patients with lupus erythematosus. Psychosom Med. 2004 Sep-Oct;66(5):788-94. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000133327.41044.94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peralta-Ramirez MI, Jimenez-Alonso J, Godoy-Garcia JF, et al. Group Lupus Virgen de las Nieves.The effects of daily stress and stressful life events on the clinical symptomatology of patients with lupus erythematosus. Psychosom Med. 2004 Sep-Oct;66(5):788-94. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000133327.41044.94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ortega LM, Schultz DR, Lenz O, et al. Review: Lupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology and guide to therapeutic decisions. Lupus. 2010 Apr;19(5):557-74. doi: 10.1177/0961203309358187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ortega LM, Schultz DR, Lenz O, et al. Review: Lupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology and guide to therapeutic decisions. Lupus. 2010 Apr;19(5):557-74. doi: 10.1177/0961203309358187.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu D, Qu Z, Tan Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis: a large cohort study from a single center. Lupus. 2011 Dec;20(14):1557-65. doi: 10.1177/0961203311417035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu D, Qu Z, Tan Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis: a large cohort study from a single center. Lupus. 2011 Dec;20(14):1557-65. doi: 10.1177/0961203311417035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramnarain A, Liam C, Milea D, et al. Predictors of Organ Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Asia Pacific Region: A Systematic Review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2024 May;76(5):720-732. doi: 10.1002/acr.25291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramnarain A, Liam C, Milea D, et al. Predictors of Organ Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Asia Pacific Region: A Systematic Review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2024 May;76(5):720-732. doi: 10.1002/acr.25291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Del Toro ME, Ceballos IV, Capote AC, et al. Predictive factors for the development of lupus nephritis after diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2022 Nov;18(9):513-517. doi: 10.1016/j.reumae.2021.08.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del Toro ME, Ceballos IV, Capote AC, et al. Predictive factors for the development of lupus nephritis after diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2022 Nov;18(9):513-517. doi: 10.1016/j.reumae.2021.08.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galindo-Izquierdo M, Rodriguez-Almaraz E, Pego-Reigosa JM, et al. Characterization of patients with lupus nephritis included in a large cohort from the Spanish society of rheumatology registry of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (RELESSER). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(9):e2891. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002891.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galindo-Izquierdo M, Rodriguez-Almaraz E, Pego-Reigosa JM, et al. Characterization of patients with lupus nephritis included in a large cohort from the Spanish society of rheumatology registry of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (RELESSER). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(9):e2891. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002891.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siso A, Ramos-Casals M, Bove A, et al. Outcomes inbiopsy-proven lupus nephritis: evaluation of 190 white patients from a single center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010 Sep;89(5): 300-307. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181f27e8f.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siso A, Ramos-Casals M, Bove A, et al. Outcomes inbiopsy-proven lupus nephritis: evaluation of 190 white patients from a single center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010 Sep;89(5): 300-307. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181f27e8f.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Arfaj AS, Khalil N, Al Saleh S. Lupus nephritis among 624 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Jul;29(9):1057-67. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-0905-8. Epub 2009 Apr 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Arfaj AS, Khalil N, Al Saleh S. Lupus nephritis among 624 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Jul;29(9):1057-67. doi: 10.1007/s00296-009-0905-8. Epub 2009 Apr 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
