<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mrj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Rheumatology Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1996-7012</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-158X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1996-7012-2026-2-72-77</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mrj-2000</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Поражение желудочно-кишечного тракта при системной склеродермии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gastrointestinal tract involvement in systemic sclerosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9134-9624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алекперов</surname><given-names>Р. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekperov</surname><given-names>R. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ризван Таир оглы Алекперов</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rizvan Tair ogly Alekperov</p><p>61/2, Shchepkina Street, Moscow 129110 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ralekperov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Алекперов Р.Т., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алекперов Р.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alekperov R.T.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/2000">https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/2000</self-uri><abstract><p>Системная склеродермия (ССД) – хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание, которое характеризуется генерализованной микроангиопатией, фиброзом кожи и внутренних органов. Желудочно-кишечный тракт (ЖКТ) является наиболее часто поражаемой системой органов при ССД, а признаки вовлечения ЖКТ нередко возникают на ранних стадиях заболевания. В настоящее время одобренные варианты лечения поражений ЖКТ при ССД ограничены, при этом подходы к лечению патологии разных отделов ЖКТ имеют принципиальные различия. Несмотря на высокую распространенность, гастроэнтерологические осложнения ССД недостаточно освещены в литературе. В обзоре проанализированы современные методы диагностики и лечения поражений ЖКТ при ССД </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by generalized microangiopathy and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most frequently affected organ system in SSc, and signs of GI involvement often occur at early stages of the disease. Currently, approved treatment options for GI involvement in SSc are limited, while approaches to treatment of different GI segments’ differ fundamentally. Despite its high prevalence, gastroenterological complications of SSc are insufficiently covered in the literature. This review analyzes current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of GI involvement in SSc. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная склеродермия</kwd><kwd>эзофагит</kwd><kwd>гастропарез</kwd><kwd>псевдообструкция кишечника</kwd><kwd>синдром избыточного бактериального роста</kwd><kwd>недержание кала</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic sclerosis</kwd><kwd>esophagitis</kwd><kwd>gastroparesis</kwd><kwd>intestinal pseudo-obstruction</kwd><kwd>small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome</kwd><kwd>fecal incontinence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forbes A, Marie I. Gastrointestinal complications: the most frequent internal complications of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jun:48 Suppl 3:iii36-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forbes A, Marie I. Gastrointestinal complications: the most frequent internal complications of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jun:48 Suppl 3:iii36-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poudel DR, Jayakumar D, Danve A, et al. Determinants of mortality in systemic sclerosis: a focused review. Rheumatol Int. 2018 Oct; 38(10):1847-1858. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3826-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poudel DR, Jayakumar D, Danve A, et al. Determinants of mortality in systemic sclerosis: a focused review. Rheumatol Int. 2018 Oct; 38(10):1847-1858. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3826-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Mühlenbrock C, Madrid AM, Defilippi C, et al. Diffuse Gastrointestinal Motor Compromise in Patients with Scleroderma: Utility of Minimally Invasive Techniques. Dig Dis Sci. 2024 Jan;69(1):191-199. doi: 10.1007/s10620-023-08151-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Mühlenbrock C, Madrid AM, Defilippi C, et al. Diffuse Gastrointestinal Motor Compromise in Patients with Scleroderma: Utility of Minimally Invasive Techniques. Dig Dis Sci. 2024 Jan;69(1):191-199. doi: 10.1007/s10620-023-08151-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkmann ER, McMahan Z. Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: Pathogenesis, assessment, and treatment. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2022 Nov 1;34(6):328-336. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000899.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkmann ER, McMahan Z. Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis: Pathogenesis, assessment, and treatment. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2022 Nov 1;34(6):328-336. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000899.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jimenez SA, Mendoza FA, Piera Velazquez S. A review of recent studies on the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis: focus on fibrosis pathways. Front Immunol. 2025 Apr 16:16: 1551911. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1551911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jimenez SA, Mendoza FA, Piera Velazquez S. A review of recent studies on the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis: focus on fibrosis pathways. Front Immunol. 2025 Apr 16:16: 1551911. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1551911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar S, Singh J, Rattan S, et al. Review article: pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Apr;45(7):883-898. doi: 10.1111/apt.13963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar S, Singh J, Rattan S, et al. Review article: pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Apr;45(7):883-898. doi: 10.1111/apt.13963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian XP, Zhang X. Gastrointestinal complications of systemic sclerosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov 7;19(41):7062-8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.7062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian XP, Zhang X. Gastrointestinal complications of systemic sclerosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov 7;19(41):7062-8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i41.7062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar S, Singh J, Kedika R, et al. Role of muscarinic-3 receptor antibody in systemic sclerosis: correlation with disease duration and effects of IVIG. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016 Jun 1;310(11):G1052-60. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar S, Singh J, Kedika R, et al. Role of muscarinic-3 receptor antibody in systemic sclerosis: correlation with disease duration and effects of IVIG. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016 Jun 1;310(11):G1052-60. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayla AY, Kalavar NR, Pimentel M, et al. Anti-muscarinic 3 antibodies associate with a severe clinical phenotype in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025 Oct 1;64(10):5230-5237. doi: 10.1093/ rheumatology/keaf197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayla AY, Kalavar NR, Pimentel M, et al. Anti-muscarinic 3 antibodies associate with a severe clinical phenotype in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025 Oct 1;64(10):5230-5237. doi: 10.1093/ rheumatology/keaf197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bixio R, Bertelle D, Bertoldo E, et al. The potential pathogenic role of gut microbiota in rheumatic diseases: a human-centred narrative review. Intern Emerg Med. 2024 Jun; 19(4):891-900. doi: 10.1007/s11739-023-03496-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bixio R, Bertelle D, Bertoldo E, et al. The potential pathogenic role of gut microbiota in rheumatic diseases: a human-centred narrative review. Intern Emerg Med. 2024 Jun; 19(4):891-900. doi: 10.1007/s11739-023-03496-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thonhofer R, Siegel C, Trummer M, Graninger W. Early endoscopy in systemic sclerosis without gastrointestinal symptoms. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Jan;32(1):165-8. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1595-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thonhofer R, Siegel C, Trummer M, Graninger W. Early endoscopy in systemic sclerosis without gastrointestinal symptoms. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Jan;32(1):165-8. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1595-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Carotti M, et al. Relationship between interstitial lung disease and oesophageal dilatation on chest high-resolution computed tomography in patients with systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Radiol Med. 2018 Sep;123(9):655-663. doi: 10.1007/s11547-018-0894-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Carotti M, et al. Relationship between interstitial lung disease and oesophageal dilatation on chest high-resolution computed tomography in patients with systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Radiol Med. 2018 Sep;123(9):655-663. doi: 10.1007/s11547-018-0894-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McFarlane IM, Bhamra MS, Kreps A, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Sunnyvale). 2018;8(1):235. doi: 10.4172/2161-1149.1000235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McFarlane IM, Bhamra MS, Kreps A, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Sunnyvale). 2018;8(1):235. doi: 10.4172/2161-1149.1000235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snyder DL, Crowell MD, Kahn A, et al. Prevalence of Barrett’s Esophagus in Female Patients With Scleroderma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 1;116(3):517-521. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snyder DL, Crowell MD, Kahn A, et al. Prevalence of Barrett’s Esophagus in Female Patients With Scleroderma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 1;116(3):517-521. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rutka K, Galkowski A, Karaszewska K, Lebkowska U. Imaging in Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 12; 10(2):248. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rutka K, Galkowski A, Karaszewska K, Lebkowska U. Imaging in Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 12; 10(2):248. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khanna D, Nagaraja V, Gladue H, et al. Measuring response in the gastrointestinal tract in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013 Nov;25(6):700-6. doi: 10.1097/01.bor.0000434668.32150.e5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanna D, Nagaraja V, Gladue H, et al. Measuring response in the gastrointestinal tract in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013 Nov;25(6):700-6. doi: 10.1097/01.bor.0000434668.32150.e5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zentilin P, Savarino V, Marabotto E, et al. Esophageal baseline impedance levels allow the identification of esophageal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Feb;47(4):569-574. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zentilin P, Savarino V, Marabotto E, et al. Esophageal baseline impedance levels allow the identification of esophageal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Feb;47(4):569-574. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Del Galdo F, Lescoat A, Conaghan PG, et al. EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2025 Jan;84(1):29-40. doi: 10.1136/ard-2024-226430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del Galdo F, Lescoat A, Conaghan PG, et al. EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2025 Jan;84(1):29-40. doi: 10.1136/ard-2024-226430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shirai Y, Kawami N, Iwakiri K, Kuwana M. Use of vonoprazan, a novel potassiumcompetitive acid blocker, for the treatment of proton pump inhibitor-refractory reflux esophagitis in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2022 Feb;7(1): 57-61. doi: 10.1177/23971983211021747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shirai Y, Kawami N, Iwakiri K, Kuwana M. Use of vonoprazan, a novel potassiumcompetitive acid blocker, for the treatment of proton pump inhibitor-refractory reflux esophagitis in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2022 Feb;7(1): 57-61. doi: 10.1177/23971983211021747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foocharoen C, Chunlertrith K, Mairiang P, et al. Effectiveness of add-on therapy with domperidone vs alginic acid in proton pump inhibitor partial response gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in systemic sclerosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017 Feb;56(2):214-222. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foocharoen C, Chunlertrith K, Mairiang P, et al. Effectiveness of add-on therapy with domperidone vs alginic acid in proton pump inhibitor partial response gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in systemic sclerosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017 Feb;56(2):214-222. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheerens C, Tack J, Rommel N. Buspirone, a new drug for the management of patients with ineffective esophageal motility. United European Gastroenterol J. 2015 Jun;3(3): 261-5. doi: 10.1177/2050640615585688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheerens C, Tack J, Rommel N. Buspirone, a new drug for the management of patients with ineffective esophageal motility. United European Gastroenterol J. 2015 Jun;3(3): 261-5. doi: 10.1177/2050640615585688.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karamanolis GP, Panopoulos S, Denaxas K, et al. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone improves esophageal motor function and symptoms in systemic sclerosis: a 4-week, open-label trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016 Sep 1;18(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1094-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karamanolis GP, Panopoulos S, Denaxas K, et al. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone improves esophageal motor function and symptoms in systemic sclerosis: a 4-week, open-label trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016 Sep 1;18(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1094-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weston S, Thumshirn M, Wiste J, Camilleri M. Clinical and upper gastrointestinal motility features in systemic sclerosis and related disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jul; 93(7):1085-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00334.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weston S, Thumshirn M, Wiste J, Camilleri M. Clinical and upper gastrointestinal motility features in systemic sclerosis and related disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jul; 93(7):1085-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00334.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marie I, Ducrotte P, Antonietti M, et al. Watermelon stomach in systemic sclerosis: its incidence and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Aug 15;28(4):412-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03739.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marie I, Ducrotte P, Antonietti M, et al. Watermelon stomach in systemic sclerosis: its incidence and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Aug 15;28(4):412-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03739.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sallam H, McNearney TA, Chen JD. Systematic review: pathophysiology and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar 15;23(6):691-712. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02804.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sallam H, McNearney TA, Chen JD. Systematic review: pathophysiology and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar 15;23(6):691-712. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02804.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grover M, Farrugia G, Stanghellini V. Gastroparesis: a turning point in understanding and treatment. Gut. 2019 Dec;68(12): 2238-2250. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grover M, Farrugia G, Stanghellini V. Gastroparesis: a turning point in understanding and treatment. Gut. 2019 Dec;68(12): 2238-2250. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camilleri M. Functional Dyspepsia and Gastroparesis. Dig Dis. 2016;34(5):491-9. doi: 10.1159/000445226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camilleri M. Functional Dyspepsia and Gastroparesis. Dig Dis. 2016;34(5):491-9. doi: 10.1159/000445226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carbone F, Van den Houte K, Clevers E, et al. Prucalopride in gastroparesis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1265-1274. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carbone F, Van den Houte K, Clevers E, et al. Prucalopride in gastroparesis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1265-1274. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vigone B, Caronni M, Severino A, et al. Preliminary safety and efficacy profile of prucalopride in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related intestinal involvement: results from the open label cross-over PROGASS study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 Jun 20;19(1): 145. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1340-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vigone B, Caronni M, Severino A, et al. Preliminary safety and efficacy profile of prucalopride in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related intestinal involvement: results from the open label cross-over PROGASS study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 Jun 20;19(1): 145. doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1340-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polkowska-Pruszynska B, Gerkowicz A, Szczepanik-Kulak P, Krasowska D. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol Res. 2019 Jan;311(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s00403-018-1874-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polkowska-Pruszynska B, Gerkowicz A, Szczepanik-Kulak P, Krasowska D. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol Res. 2019 Jan;311(1):1-8. doi: 10.1007/s00403-018-1874-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sattar B, Chokshi RV. Colonic and anorectal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2019 Jul 8;21(7):33. doi: 10.1007/s11894-019-0699-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sattar B, Chokshi RV. Colonic and anorectal manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2019 Jul 8;21(7):33. doi: 10.1007/s11894-019-0699-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marie I, Ducrotte P, Denis P, et al. Outcome of small-bowel motor impairment in systemic sclerosis – a prospective manometric 5-yr follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jan;46(1):150-3. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marie I, Ducrotte P, Denis P, et al. Outcome of small-bowel motor impairment in systemic sclerosis – a prospective manometric 5-yr follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jan;46(1):150-3. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaneko M, Sasaki S, Teruya S, et al. Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Case Report and Review of 39 Japanese Cases. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2016:2016:2474515. doi: 10.1155/2016/2474515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaneko M, Sasaki S, Teruya S, et al. Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: A Case Report and Review of 39 Japanese Cases. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2016:2016:2474515. doi: 10.1155/2016/2474515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandler JB, Sweetser S, Khoshbin K, et al. Colonic manifestations and complications are relatively under-reported in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Dec;114(12):1847-1856. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandler JB, Sweetser S, Khoshbin K, et al. Colonic manifestations and complications are relatively under-reported in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Dec;114(12):1847-1856. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaniecki T, Abdi T, McMahan ZH. Clinical Assessment of Gastrointestinal Involvement in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Med Res Arch. 2020 Oct;8(10):2252. doi: 10.18103/mra.v8i10.2252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaniecki T, Abdi T, McMahan ZH. Clinical Assessment of Gastrointestinal Involvement in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Med Res Arch. 2020 Oct;8(10):2252. doi: 10.18103/mra.v8i10.2252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marie I, Ducrotte P, Denis P, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Oct; 48(10):1314-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marie I, Ducrotte P, Denis P, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Oct; 48(10):1314-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan TC, Chandrasekaran L, Leung YY, et al. Gut microbiome profiling in systemic sclerosis: a metagenomic approach. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023 Aug;41(8):1578-1588. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/jof7nx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan TC, Chandrasekaran L, Leung YY, et al. Gut microbiome profiling in systemic sclerosis: a metagenomic approach. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023 Aug;41(8):1578-1588. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/jof7nx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pittman N, Rawn SM, Wang M, et al. Treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Oct 1; 57(10):1802-1811. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pittman N, Rawn SM, Wang M, et al. Treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Oct 1; 57(10):1802-1811. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polkowska-Pruszynska B, Gerkowicz A, Rawicz-Pruszynski K, Krasowska D. Gut microbiome in systemic sclerosis: a potential therapeutic target. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022 Feb;39(1):101-109. doi: 10.5114/ada.2020.101468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polkowska-Pruszynska B, Gerkowicz A, Rawicz-Pruszynski K, Krasowska D. Gut microbiome in systemic sclerosis: a potential therapeutic target. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022 Feb;39(1):101-109. doi: 10.5114/ada.2020.101468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quigley EMM. The spectrum of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2019 Jan 15;21(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s11894-019-0671-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quigley EMM. The spectrum of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2019 Jan 15;21(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s11894-019-0671-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdogan A, Rao SS, Gulley D, et al. Small intestinal bacte rial overgrowth: duodenal aspiration vs glucose breath test. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Apr;27(4):481-9. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12516.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdogan A, Rao SS, Gulley D, et al. Small intestinal bacte rial overgrowth: duodenal aspiration vs glucose breath test. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Apr;27(4):481-9. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12516.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohkubo H, Kessoku T, Tanaka K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rifaximin in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II — a exploratory trial. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2024;43(2):135-144. doi: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohkubo H, Kessoku T, Tanaka K, et al. Efficacy and safety of rifaximin in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II — a exploratory trial. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2024;43(2):135-144. doi: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahuja NK, Mische L, Clarke JO, et al. Pyridostigmine for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Aug;48(1):111-116. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.12.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahuja NK, Mische L, Clarke JO, et al. Pyridostigmine for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Aug;48(1):111-116. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.12.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fretheim H, Chung BK, Didriksen H, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation in systemic sclerosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial. PLoS One. 2020 May 21;15(5):e0232739. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fretheim H, Chung BK, Didriksen H, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation in systemic sclerosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial. PLoS One. 2020 May 21;15(5):e0232739. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia-Collinot G, Madrigal-Santillan EO, Martinez-Bencomo MA, et al. Effectiveness of saccharomyces boulardii and metronidazole for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Apr; 65(4):1134-1143. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05830-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia-Collinot G, Madrigal-Santillan EO, Martinez-Bencomo MA, et al. Effectiveness of saccharomyces boulardii and metronidazole for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Apr; 65(4):1134-1143. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05830-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fynne L, Worsoe J, Gregersen T, et al. Gastrointestinal transit in patients with systemic sclerosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct;46(10):1187-93. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.603158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fynne L, Worsoe J, Gregersen T, et al. Gastrointestinal transit in patients with systemic sclerosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct;46(10):1187-93. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.603158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Angelo G, Stern HS, Myers E. Rectal prolapse in scleroderma: case report and review of the colonic complications of scleroderma. Can J Surg. 1985 Jan;28(1):62-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Angelo G, Stern HS, Myers E. Rectal prolapse in scleroderma: case report and review of the colonic complications of scleroderma. Can J Surg. 1985 Jan;28(1):62-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dein E, Kuo PL, Hong YS, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for pseudo-obstruction in systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Dec;49(3):405-410. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.05.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dein E, Kuo PL, Hong YS, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for pseudo-obstruction in systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Dec;49(3):405-410. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.05.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valenzuela A, Li S, Becker L, et al. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in patients with systemic sclerosis: an analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Apr;55(4):654-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valenzuela A, Li S, Becker L, et al. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in patients with systemic sclerosis: an analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Apr;55(4):654-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boeckxstaens GE, Bartelsman LL, Tytgat GN. Treatment of GI dysmotility in scleroderma with the new enterokinetic agent prucalopride. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Jan; 97(1):194-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002. 05396.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boeckxstaens GE, Bartelsman LL, Tytgat GN. Treatment of GI dysmotility in scleroderma with the new enterokinetic agent prucalopride. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Jan; 97(1):194-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002. 05396.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garros A, Marjoux S, Khouatra C, et al. Prevalence of fecal incontinence in a cohort of systemic sclerosis patients within a regional referral network. United European Gastroenterol J. 2017 Nov;5(7):1046-1050. doi: 10.1177/2050640616688129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garros A, Marjoux S, Khouatra C, et al. Prevalence of fecal incontinence in a cohort of systemic sclerosis patients within a regional referral network. United European Gastroenterol J. 2017 Nov;5(7):1046-1050. doi: 10.1177/2050640616688129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJ, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence due to systemic sclerosis. Gut. 2002 Dec; 51(6):881-3. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.6.881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJ, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence due to systemic sclerosis. Gut. 2002 Dec; 51(6):881-3. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.6.881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butt SK, Alam A, Cohen R, et al. Lack of effect of sacral nerve stimulation for incontinence in patients with systemic sclerosis. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Oct;17(10):903-7. doi: 10.1111/codi.12969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butt SK, Alam A, Cohen R, et al. Lack of effect of sacral nerve stimulation for incontinence in patients with systemic sclerosis. Colorectal Dis. 2015 Oct;17(10):903-7. doi: 10.1111/codi.12969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Asari S, Meurette G, Mantoo S, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: a comparative case-matched study. Colorectal Dis. 2014 Nov;16(11):O393-9. doi: 10.1111/codi.12680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Asari S, Meurette G, Mantoo S, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: a comparative case-matched study. Colorectal Dis. 2014 Nov;16(11):O393-9. doi: 10.1111/codi.12680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
