<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mrj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современная ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Rheumatology Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1996-7012</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-158X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1996-7012-2016-3-87-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mrj-707</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИСКУССИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISCUSSION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидуральные блокады с использованием глюкокортикоидов: как насчет принципов доказательной медицины?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidural blockades using glucocorticoids: As to how the principles of evidence-based medicine?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каратеев</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karateev</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">aekarat@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой», Москва, Россия 115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia 34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каратеев А.Е., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каратеев А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karateev A.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/707">https://mrj.ima-press.net/mrj/article/view/707</self-uri><abstract><p>Эпидуральные инъекции глюкокортикоидов (ГК), так называемые блокады, часто представляют как очень эффективный и самый современный способ лечения неспецифической боли в спине и люмбоишиалгии. Однако эпидуральное введение лекарственных препаратов (местных анестетиков – МА) для купирования боли в спине практикуется еще с 1901 г., когда его впервые применили французские врачи J. Sicard и F. Cathelin, т. е. относится к самым давним лечебным методикам. При этом мнения экспертов о терапевтической ценности эпидуральных инъекций (ЭИ) ГК достаточно противоречивы. Данные большого числа клинических исследований не подтверждают однозначного преимущества эпидурального введения ГК в комбинации с МА в сравнении с эффектом только МА. Согласно выводам ряда экспертов, эффект ЭИ ГК лишь ненамного превосходит действие плацебо (физиологический раствор) и мало влияет на отдаленные результаты лечения. Эпидуральное введение ГК может приводить к редким, но очень серьезным, угрожающим жизни осложнениям. Очевидно, что этот метод следует использовать, лишь тщательно взвесив его возможную пользу и риск. В любом случае, проведение ЭИ ГК не следует рассматривать в качестве альтернативы другим фармакологическим и нефармакологическим методам терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Epidural injections (EI) of glucocorticoids (GC), the so-called blockades, are frequently recommended a very effective and most modern treatment for nonspecific back pain and lumbar ischialgia. However, EI of drugs (local anesthetics (LA)) for back pain relief has been practiced ever since 1901 when it was first used by the French physicians J.F. Sicard and F. Cathelin, i.e. it belongs to the oldest therapeutic procedures. Moreover, experts' opinions as to the therapeutic value of EI of GC are rather contradictory. The data of a large number of clinical trials fail to confirm the unambiguous advantage of epidural GC used in combination with LA as compared to the effect of the latter only. According to a number of experts, the effect of EI of GC is only slightly better than that of placebo (physiologic saline) and little affects long-term treatment results. Epidural GC may result in rare but very serious, life-threatening complications. Obviously, this method should be used, only after carefully weighing its potential benefits and risks. In any case, EI of GC should not be considered as an alternative to other pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неспецифическая боль в спине</kwd><kwd>люмбоишиалгия</kwd><kwd>интервенционные методы</kwd><kwd>эпидуральные инъекции</kwd><kwd>глюкокортикоиды</kwd><kwd>местные анестетики</kwd><kwd>нежелательные реакции.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nonspecific back pain</kwd><kwd>lumbar ischialgia</kwd><kwd>interventional methods</kwd><kwd>epidural injections</kwd><kwd>glucocorticoids</kwd><kwd>local anesthetics</kwd><kwd>adverse reactions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Кукушкин МЛ, редакторы. Боль (практическое руководство для врачей). Москва: Издательство РАМН; 2012. 512 c. [Yakhno NN, Kukushkin ML, editors. Bol' (prakticheskoe rukovodstvo dlya vrachei) [Pain (practical guide for physicians)]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo RAMN; 2012. 512 p.].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Яхно НН, Кукушкин МЛ, редакторы. Боль (практическое руководство для врачей). Москва: Издательство РАМН; 2012. 512 c. [Yakhno NN, Kukushkin ML, editors. Bol' (prakticheskoe rukovodstvo dlya vrachei) [Pain (practical guide for physicians)]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo RAMN; 2012. 512 p.].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gore M, Sadosky A, Stacey B, et al. The burden of chronic low back pain: clinical comorbidities, treatment patterns, and health care costs in usual care settings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(11):668-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gore M, Sadosky A, Stacey B, et al. The burden of chronic low back pain: clinical comorbidities, treatment patterns, and health care costs in usual care settings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(11):668-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эрдес ШФ, Фоломеева ОМ. Ревматические заболевания и инвалидность взрослого населения Российской Федерации. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2007;45(4):4-9. [Erdes ShF, Folomeeva OM. Rheumatic diseases and disability of Russian Federation adult population. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2007;45(4):4-9. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2007-4-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Эрдес ШФ, Фоломеева ОМ. Ревматические заболевания и инвалидность взрослого населения Российской Федерации. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2007;45(4):4-9. [Erdes ShF, Folomeeva OM. Rheumatic diseases and disability of Russian Federation adult population. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2007;45(4):4-9. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2007-4-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, et al. Global, regional, and national disability- adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet. 2015 Nov 28;386(10009):2145-91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X. Epub 2015 Aug 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, et al. Global, regional, and national disability- adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet. 2015 Nov 28;386(10009):2145-91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X. Epub 2015 Aug 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каратеев АЕ. Болезни костно-мышечной системы в практике 2102 врачей разных специальностей: структура патологии и мнение специалистов об эффективности НПВП (предварительные данные эпидемиологического исследования КОРОНА-2). Consilium medicum. 2013;(9):95-100. [Karateev AE. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system in the practice of 2102 doctors of different specialties: structure pathology and expert opinion about the effectiveness of NSAIDs (preliminary data of the KORONA-2 epidemiological study). Consilium medicum. 2013;(9):95-100. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Каратеев АЕ. Болезни костно-мышечной системы в практике 2102 врачей разных специальностей: структура патологии и мнение специалистов об эффективности НПВП (предварительные данные эпидемиологического исследования КОРОНА-2). Consilium medicum. 2013;(9):95-100. [Karateev AE. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system in the practice of 2102 doctors of different specialties: structure pathology and expert opinion about the effectiveness of NSAIDs (preliminary data of the KORONA-2 epidemiological study). Consilium medicum. 2013;(9):95-100. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, et al. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2010 Dec;19(12):2075-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, et al. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2010 Dec;19(12):2075-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD000396. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000396.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD000396. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000396.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каратеев АЕ. Ацеклофенак в ревматологии: «золотая середина». Современная ревматология. 2013;7(2):88-94. [Karateev AE. Aceclofenac in rheumatology: The golden mean. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2013;7(2):88-94. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2013-2389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Каратеев АЕ. Ацеклофенак в ревматологии: «золотая середина». Современная ревматология. 2013;7(2):88-94. [Karateev AE. Aceclofenac in rheumatology: The golden mean. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2013;7(2):88-94. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2013-2389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellsague J, Riera-Guardia N, Calingaert B, et al. Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS project). Drug Saf. 2012;35(12):1127-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellsague J, Riera-Guardia N, Calingaert B, et al. Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS project). Drug Saf. 2012;35(12):1127-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dooley M, Spencer C, Dunn C. Aceclofenac: a reappraisal of its use in the management of pain and rheumatic disease. Drugs. 2001;61(9):1351-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dooley M, Spencer C, Dunn C. Aceclofenac: a reappraisal of its use in the management of pain and rheumatic disease. Drugs. 2001;61(9):1351-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lemmel E, Leeb B, De Bast J, Aslanidis S. Patient and physician satisfaction with aceclofenac: results of the European Observational Cohort Study (experience with aceclofenac for inflammatory pain in daily practice). Aceclofenac is the treatment of choice for patients and physicians in the management of inflammatory pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(3):146-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemmel E, Leeb B, De Bast J, Aslanidis S. Patient and physician satisfaction with aceclofenac: results of the European Observational Cohort Study (experience with aceclofenac for inflammatory pain in daily practice). Aceclofenac is the treatment of choice for patients and physicians in the management of inflammatory pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(3):146-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Legrand E. Aceclofenac in the management of inflammatory pain. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2004;5(6):1347-57. doi: 10.1517/14656566.5.6.1347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Legrand E. Aceclofenac in the management of inflammatory pain. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2004;5(6):1347-57. doi: 10.1517/14656566.5.6.1347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарапова ЕП, Таскина ЕА, Раскина ТА и др. Ацеклофенак в терапии остеоартроза. Лечащий врач. 2012;(8):90-4. [Sharapova EP, Taskina EA, Raskina TA, et al. Aceclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Lechashchii vrach. 2012;(8): 90-4. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шарапова ЕП, Таскина ЕА, Раскина ТА и др. Ацеклофенак в терапии остеоартроза. Лечащий врач. 2012;(8):90-4. [Sharapova EP, Taskina EA, Raskina TA, et al. Aceclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Lechashchii vrach. 2012;(8): 90-4. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каратеев АЕ, Денисов ЛН, Маркелова ЕИ и др. Результаты клинического исследования АЭРОПЛАН (анализ эффективности и риска осложнений при лечении артрита ацеклофенаком и нимесулидом). Consilium Medicum. 2013;15(2):48-53. [Karateev AE, Denisov LN, Markelova EI, et al. The results of AEROPLAN clinical study (analysis of the effectiveness and risk of complications in the treatment of arthritis by aceclofenac and nimesulide). Consilium Medicum. 2013;15(2):48-53. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Каратеев АЕ, Денисов ЛН, Маркелова ЕИ и др. Результаты клинического исследования АЭРОПЛАН (анализ эффективности и риска осложнений при лечении артрита ацеклофенаком и нимесулидом). Consilium Medicum. 2013;15(2):48-53. [Karateev AE, Denisov LN, Markelova EI, et al. The results of AEROPLAN clinical study (analysis of the effectiveness and risk of complications in the treatment of arthritis by aceclofenac and nimesulide). Consilium Medicum. 2013;15(2):48-53. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарапова ЕП, Кашеварова НГ, Аникин СГ и др. Применение новых форм ацеклофенака при остеоартрозе в реальной клинической практике. Современная ревматология. 2014;8(1):73-6. [Sharapova EP, Kashevarova NG, Anikin S, et al. The use of new aceclofenac dosage forms in patients with osteoarthrosis in real-life clinical practice. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2014;8(1):73-6. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2014-1-73-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шарапова ЕП, Кашеварова НГ, Аникин СГ и др. Применение новых форм ацеклофенака при остеоартрозе в реальной клинической практике. Современная ревматология. 2014;8(1):73-6. [Sharapova EP, Kashevarova NG, Anikin S, et al. The use of new aceclofenac dosage forms in patients with osteoarthrosis in real-life clinical practice. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2014;8(1):73-6. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2014-1-73-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machado G, Maher C, Ferreira P, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015 Mar 31;350:h1225. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machado G, Maher C, Ferreira P, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015 Mar 31;350:h1225. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, et al. Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Apr 1;39(7):556-63. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, et al. Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane Review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Apr 1;39(7):556-63. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, et al. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD004252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, et al. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD004252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">See S, Ginzburg R. Choosing a skeletal muscle relaxant. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Aug 1;78(3):365-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">See S, Ginzburg R. Choosing a skeletal muscle relaxant. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Aug 1;78(3):365-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witenko C, Moorman-Li R, Motycka C, et al. Considerations for the appropriate use of skeletal muscle relaxants for the management of acute low back pain. P T. 2014 Jun;39(6):427-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witenko C, Moorman-Li R, Motycka C, et al. Considerations for the appropriate use of skeletal muscle relaxants for the management of acute low back pain. P T. 2014 Jun;39(6):427-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman BW, Dym AA, Davitt M, et al. Naproxen With Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 20;314(15):1572-80. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2015.13043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman BW, Dym AA, Davitt M, et al. Naproxen With Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 20;314(15):1572-80. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2015.13043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исайкин АИ, Иванова МА. Блокады в лечении поясничных болей: мнение «за». Лечение заболеваний нервной системы. 2016;18(1):29-37. [Isaikin AI, Ivanova MA. Blockade in the treatment of lumbar pain: agree. Lechenie zabolevaniy nervnoy sistemy. 2016;18(1):29-37. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Исайкин АИ, Иванова МА. Блокады в лечении поясничных болей: мнение «за». Лечение заболеваний нервной системы. 2016;18(1):29-37. [Isaikin AI, Ivanova MA. Blockade in the treatment of lumbar pain: agree. Lechenie zabolevaniy nervnoy sistemy. 2016;18(1):29-37. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Igarashi A, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Olmarker K. Inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Oct 1;29(19):2091-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Igarashi A, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Olmarker K. Inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Oct 1;29(19):2091-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genevay S, Finckh A, Payer M, et al. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periradicular fat tissue in patients with radiculopathy from herniated disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Sep 1;33(19):2041-6. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318183bb86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genevay S, Finckh A, Payer M, et al. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periradicular fat tissue in patients with radiculopathy from herniated disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Sep 1;33(19):2041-6. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318183bb86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cuellar JM, Golish SR, Reuter MW, et al. Cytokine evaluation in individuals with low back pain using discographic lavage. Spine J. 2010 Mar;10(3):212-8. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee. 2009.12.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cuellar JM, Golish SR, Reuter MW, et al. Cytokine evaluation in individuals with low back pain using discographic lavage. Spine J. 2010 Mar;10(3):212-8. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee. 2009.12.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedly J, Chan L, Deyo R. Increases in lumbosacral injections in the Medicare population: 1994 to 2001. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Jul 15;32(16):1754-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedly J, Chan L, Deyo R. Increases in lumbosacral injections in the Medicare population: 1994 to 2001. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Jul 15;32(16):1754-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ter Meulena B, Weinsteina H, Ostelob R, Koehlerd P. The Epidural Treatment of Sciatica: Its Origin and Evolution Eur Neurol. 2016;75(1-2):58-64. doi: 10.1159/ 000443729. Epub 2016 Jan 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ter Meulena B, Weinsteina H, Ostelob R, Koehlerd P. The Epidural Treatment of Sciatica: Its Origin and Evolution Eur Neurol. 2016;75(1-2):58-64. doi: 10.1159/ 000443729. Epub 2016 Jan 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luhmann H. Treatment of ischialgia and lumbago with epidural injections. Med Klin. 1954 Dec 17;49(51):2039-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luhmann H. Treatment of ischialgia and lumbago with epidural injections. Med Klin. 1954 Dec 17;49(51):2039-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma PK. Indications, technique and results of caudal epidural injection for lumbar disc retropulsion. Postgrad Med J. 1977 Jan;53(615):1-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma PK. Indications, technique and results of caudal epidural injection for lumbar disc retropulsion. Postgrad Med J. 1977 Jan;53(615):1-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaye A, Manchikanti L, Abdi S, et al. Efficacy of Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Spinal Pain: A Best Evidence Synthesis. Pain Physician. 2015 Nov;18(6):E939-1004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaye A, Manchikanti L, Abdi S, et al. Efficacy of Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Spinal Pain: A Best Evidence Synthesis. Pain Physician. 2015 Nov;18(6):E939-1004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, et al. Pain Management Injection Therapies for Low Back Pain [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2015 Mar. AHRQ Technology Assessments.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, et al. Pain Management Injection Therapies for Low Back Pain [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2015 Mar. AHRQ Technology Assessments.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Dec 18;157(12):865-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Dec 18;157(12):865-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, et al. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain: an updated Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Jan 1;34(1): 49-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, et al. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain: an updated Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Jan 1;34(1): 49-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arden NK, Price C, Reading I, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: the WEST study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Nov;44(11):1399-406. Epub 2005 Jul 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arden NK, Price C, Reading I, et al. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: the WEST study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Nov;44(11):1399-406. Epub 2005 Jul 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zarghooni K, Rashidi A, Siewe J, et al. Single-Shot Epidural Injections in the Management of Radicular Pain. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2015 Dec 28;7(4):5985. doi: 10.4081/or.2015.5985. eCollection 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zarghooni K, Rashidi A, Siewe J, et al. Single-Shot Epidural Injections in the Management of Radicular Pain. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2015 Dec 28;7(4):5985. doi: 10.4081/or.2015.5985. eCollection 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung SM, Chau WW, Law SW, Fung KY. Clinical value of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in lumbar radiculopathy. Hong Kong Med J. 2015 Oct;21(5):394-400. doi: 10.12809/ hkmj144310. Epub 2015 Aug 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung SM, Chau WW, Law SW, Fung KY. Clinical value of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in lumbar radiculopathy. Hong Kong Med J. 2015 Oct;21(5):394-400. doi: 10.12809/ hkmj144310. Epub 2015 Aug 14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bicket MC, Gupta A, Brown CH, Cohen SP. Epidural injections for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the «control» injections in randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2013 Oct;119(4):907-31. doi: 10.1097/ ALN.0b013e31829c2ddd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bicket MC, Gupta A, Brown CH, Cohen SP. Epidural injections for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the «control» injections in randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2013 Oct;119(4):907-31. doi: 10.1097/ ALN.0b013e31829c2ddd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manchikanti L, Knezevic NN, Boswell MV, et al. Epidural Injections for Lumbar Radiculopathy and Spinal Stenosis: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Pain Physician. 2016 Mar;19(3):E365-410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manchikanti L, Knezevic NN, Boswell MV, et al. Epidural Injections for Lumbar Radiculopathy and Spinal Stenosis: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Pain Physician. 2016 Mar;19(3):E365-410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Falco FJ. Transforaminal epidural injections in chronic lumbar disc herniation: a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial. Pain Physician. 2014 Jul-Aug;17(4):E489-501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Falco FJ. Transforaminal epidural injections in chronic lumbar disc herniation: a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial. Pain Physician. 2014 Jul-Aug;17(4):E489-501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ökmen K, Metin ökmen B. The efficacy of interlaminar epidural steroid administration in multilevel intervertebral disc disease with chronic low back pain; a randomized, blinded, prospective study. Spine J. 2016 Aug 20. pii: S1529-9430(16)30886-5. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.08.024. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ökmen K, Metin ökmen B. The efficacy of interlaminar epidural steroid administration in multilevel intervertebral disc disease with chronic low back pain; a randomized, blinded, prospective study. Spine J. 2016 Aug 20. pii: S1529-9430(16)30886-5. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.08.024. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pountos I, Panteli M, Walters G, et al. Safety of Epidural Corticosteroid Injections. Drugs R D. 2016 Mar;16(1):19-34. doi: 10.1007/s40268-015-0119-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pountos I, Panteli M, Walters G, et al. Safety of Epidural Corticosteroid Injections. Drugs R D. 2016 Mar;16(1):19-34. doi: 10.1007/s40268-015-0119-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weingarten TN, Hooten WM, Huntoon MA. Septic facet joint arthritis after a corticosteroid facet injection. Pain Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;7(1):52-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weingarten TN, Hooten WM, Huntoon MA. Septic facet joint arthritis after a corticosteroid facet injection. Pain Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;7(1):52-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gö tz F, Lanfermann H, Becker H. Cervical epidural abscess following lumbar epidural steroid injections. Klin Neuroradiol. 2009 Aug;19(3):220-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gö tz F, Lanfermann H, Becker H. Cervical epidural abscess following lumbar epidural steroid injections. Klin Neuroradiol. 2009 Aug;19(3):220-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simopoulos TT, Kraemer JJ, Glazer P, Bajwa ZH. Vertebral osteomyelitis: a potentially catastrophic outcome after lumbar epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician. 2008 Sep- Oct;11(5):693-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simopoulos TT, Kraemer JJ, Glazer P, Bajwa ZH. Vertebral osteomyelitis: a potentially catastrophic outcome after lumbar epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician. 2008 Sep- Oct;11(5):693-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yue WM, Tan SB. Distant skip level discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis after caudal epidural injection: a case report of a rare complication of epidural injections. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jun 1;28(11):E209-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yue WM, Tan SB. Distant skip level discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis after caudal epidural injection: a case report of a rare complication of epidural injections. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jun 1;28(11):E209-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoelzer BC, Weingarten TN, Hooten WM, et al. Paraspinal abscess complicated by endocarditis following a facet joint injection. Eur J Pain. 2008 Apr;12(3):261-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoelzer BC, Weingarten TN, Hooten WM, et al. Paraspinal abscess complicated by endocarditis following a facet joint injection. Eur J Pain. 2008 Apr;12(3):261-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooten W, Mizerak A, Carns PE, Huntoon MA. Discitis after lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection: a case report and analysis of the case report literature. Pain Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;7(1):46-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooten W, Mizerak A, Carns PE, Huntoon MA. Discitis after lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection: a case report and analysis of the case report literature. Pain Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;7(1):46-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim SY, Han SH, Jung MW, Hong JH. Generalized infection following facet joint injection. A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010 Apr;58(4):401-4. doi: 10.4097/kjae. 2010.58.4.401. Epub 2010 Apr 26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim SY, Han SH, Jung MW, Hong JH. Generalized infection following facet joint injection. A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010 Apr;58(4):401-4. doi: 10.4097/kjae. 2010.58.4.401. Epub 2010 Apr 26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel A, Alton T, Bransford R, et al. Spinal epidural abscesses: risk factors, medical versus surgical management, a retrospective review of 128 cases. Spine J. 2014 Feb 1;14(2):326-30. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee. 2013.10.046. Epub 2013 Nov 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel A, Alton T, Bransford R, et al. Spinal epidural abscesses: risk factors, medical versus surgical management, a retrospective review of 128 cases. Spine J. 2014 Feb 1;14(2):326-30. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee. 2013.10.046. Epub 2013 Nov 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitzgibbon D, Posner K, Domino K, et al. Chronic pain management: American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project. Anesthesiology. 2004 Jan;100(1):98-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitzgibbon D, Posner K, Domino K, et al. Chronic pain management: American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project. Anesthesiology. 2004 Jan;100(1):98-105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA. Neurological complications associated with epidural steroid injections. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015 May;19(5):482. doi: 10.1007/s11916-015- 0482-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA. Neurological complications associated with epidural steroid injections. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015 May;19(5):482. doi: 10.1007/s11916-015- 0482-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plastaras C, McCormick Z, Garvan C, et al. Adverse events associated with fluoroscopically guided lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Spine J. 2015 Oct 1;15(10):2157-65. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee. 2015.05.034. Epub 2015 Jun 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plastaras C, McCormick Z, Garvan C, et al. Adverse events associated with fluoroscopically guided lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Spine J. 2015 Oct 1;15(10):2157-65. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee. 2015.05.034. Epub 2015 Jun 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathmell JP, Michna E, Fitzgibbon DR, et al. Injury and liability associated with cervical procedures for chronic pain. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):918-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathmell JP, Michna E, Fitzgibbon DR, et al. Injury and liability associated with cervical procedures for chronic pain. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):918-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popescu A, Lai D, Lu A, Gardner K. Stroke following epidural injections-case report and review of literature. J Neuroimaging. 2013 Jan;23(1):118-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1552- 6569.2011.00615.x. Epub 2011 Jun 23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popescu A, Lai D, Lu A, Gardner K. Stroke following epidural injections-case report and review of literature. J Neuroimaging. 2013 Jan;23(1):118-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1552- 6569.2011.00615.x. Epub 2011 Jun 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scanlon G, Moeller-Bertram T, Romanowsky SM, Wallace MS. Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections: more dangerous than we think? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 May 15;32(11):1249-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scanlon G, Moeller-Bertram T, Romanowsky SM, Wallace MS. Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections: more dangerous than we think? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 May 15;32(11):1249-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdele Rahman K, Rakocevic G. Paraplegia following lumbosacral steroid epidural injections. J Clin Anesth. 2014 Sep;26(6):497-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane. 2014.03.010. Epub 2014 Sep 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdele Rahman K, Rakocevic G. Paraplegia following lumbosacral steroid epidural injections. J Clin Anesth. 2014 Sep;26(6):497-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane. 2014.03.010. Epub 2014 Sep 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thefenne L, Dubecq C, Zing E, et al. A rare case of paraplegia complicating a lumbar epidural infiltration. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 Nov;53(9):575-83. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2010.08.029. Epub 2010 Sep 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thefenne L, Dubecq C, Zing E, et al. A rare case of paraplegia complicating a lumbar epidural infiltration. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 Nov;53(9):575-83. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2010.08.029. Epub 2010 Sep 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy D, Dreyfuss P, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. Paraplegia following image-guided transforaminal lumbar spine epidural steroid injection: two case reports. Pain Med. 2009 Nov;10(8):1389-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00728.x. Epub 2009 Oct 26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy D, Dreyfuss P, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. Paraplegia following image-guided transforaminal lumbar spine epidural steroid injection: two case reports. Pain Med. 2009 Nov;10(8):1389-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00728.x. Epub 2009 Oct 26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houten JK, Errico TJ. Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases. Spine J. 2002 Jan-Feb;2(1):70-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houten JK, Errico TJ. Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases. Spine J. 2002 Jan-Feb;2(1):70-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires label changes to warn of rare but serious neurologic problems after epidural corticosteroid injections for pain. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm3 94280.htm.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires label changes to warn of rare but serious neurologic problems after epidural corticosteroid injections for pain. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm3 94280.htm.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boggs W. Spinal injections of steroids temporarily ease low back pain. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthbackache- steroidsidUSKCN0QT2CX20150824.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boggs W. Spinal injections of steroids temporarily ease low back pain. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthbackache- steroidsidUSKCN0QT2CX20150824.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
