Экзосомы – новое направление в лечении остеоартрита. Описательный обзор

Экзосома (ЭС) – окруженная двуслойной липидной мембраной везикула 30–100 нм, содержащая цитоплазму и биологически активные субстанции, такие как молекулы адгезии, ферменты, факторы роста, микроРНК. ЭС продуцируются различными типами клеток и участвуют в естественной регуляции широкого спектра процессов, требующих межклеточного взаимодействия (воспаление, инфекция, репарация и др.). Свойства и биологическая роль ЭС зависят от клеточного источника. ЭС, продуцируемые мезенхимальными стволовыми клетками (МСК), могут оказывать выраженное позитивное действие при многих патологических состояниях, подавляя воспалительную реакцию, апоптоз, стимулируя регенерацию клеток, анаболические процессы и восстановление межклеточного матрикса после повреждения. В последние годы, после разработки методологии выделения, концентрации и модификации ЭС, эти частицы привлекают большой интерес в качестве терапевтического агента при широком круге заболеваний, в том числе при остеоартрите (ОА). Многие эксперты рассматривают ЭС как перспективную «бесклеточную альтернативу» клеточным технологиям, широко используемым при этом заболевании. Важным преимуществом ЭС, полученных из МСК, является низкая иммуногенность, что позволяет обсуждать возможность их аллогенного введения. В обзоре рассматриваются биологические свойства ЭС, способы их получения и биологической инженерии, результаты применения при моделировании ОА in vitro и на лабораторных моделях, первый опыт аллогенного использования в клинической практике.

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