Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare systemic disease characterized by granulomatous inflammation affecting large arteries, primarily the aorta and its branches. First described in Japan, where the disease has a high prevalence, TA was subsequently reported, though less frequently, in other ethnic groups. Rare cases of familial aggregation suggest the involvement of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of TA. During nearly 45 years of genetic research on TA, a strong association has been established with the HLA-B5(52) antigen/HLA-B*5201 allele, as well as with other HLA and non-HLA molecular genetic markers.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with late and early onset demonstrates distinct differences. One of the possible causes of RA onset in older age is immunosenescence, characterized by the loss of CD28 expression on T lymphocytes and the accumulation of “senescent” subpopulations with proinflammatory activity.
Objective. To investigate the subpopulations of CD4+CD28+/- and CD8+CD28+/- T lymphocytes in patients with late-onset RA.
Material and methods. The study included 100 RA patients. Group 1 comprised 50 patients with RA onset after 60 years of age (median age at onset 67 [63.0; 72.0] years); group 2 included 50 younger patients with RA onset before 45 years (median age at onset 36 [27.0; 43.0] years). Disease duration was ≤3 years (median 1 [1.0; 2.0] years). Data from 32 healthy donors, matched for sex and age with the RA patients, were also analyzed. We used flow cytometryfor T-lymphocyte subpopulations phenotyping.
Results and discussion. Patients with late-onset RA demonstrated a significant increase in CD8+CD28- T cells compared with both young RA patients and healthy donors (median absolute counts 0.2 [0.1; 0.4], 0.14 [0.06; 0.2] and 0.1 [0.0; 0.1], respectively). Differences in CD4+CD28- cell counts were not statistically significant. No correlations were found between the number of CD28-negative cells and clinical or laboratory disease characteristics.
Conclusion. In late-onset RA, the level of CD8+CD28- T cells is markedly elevated at the early stages of the disease and may serve as a specific marker of immunosenescence.

Objective. To compare serum concentrations of galectins 1, 3 and 9 in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy donors; to assess the relationship of these biomarkers with disease activity and specific clinical manifestations.
Material and methods. This cross-sectional study included women with SLE (n=121) and women without immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases (n=21; control group). Serum levels of galectins 1, 3 and 9 were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (Cloud-Clone Corp., China).
Results and discussion. Levels of all three galectins were higher in SLE patients compared with the control group. Weak correlations were found between SLEDAI-2K and galectin 1 (r=0.33, p=0.0003) and galectin 3 (r=0.26, p=0.005), and between the damage index and galectin 3 (r=0.2, p=0.04). In patients with SLE and cutaneous involvement, arthritis, or hemolytic anemia, serum galectin 1 was higher than in patients without these manifestations. Women with nephritis and serositis had higher galectin 3 concentrations than those without such features. Patients with SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) had lower galectin 1 levels, whereas those with secondary Sjцgren’s syndrome (SS) had higher concentrations of galectins 3 and 9. Anti-dsDNA antibody levels correlated with galectin 1 (r=0.19, p=0.039), galectin 3 (r=0.2, p=0.027), and galectin 9 (r=0.19, p=0.034) concentrations, while C3 and C4 complement levels correlated only with galectin 9 concentrations (r=-0.19, p=0.04 and r=-0.18, p=0.045, respectively).
Conclusion. Serum concentrations of galectins 1, 3 and 9 are elevated in women with SLE. Levels of galectins 1 and 3 show weak associations with SLE activity, while galectin 3 levels correlates with the severity of irreversible damage. Certain clinical features of SLE are associated with higher levels of these biomarkers: for galectin 1 – cutaneous involvement, arthritis, hemolytic anemia, absence of APS; for galectin 3 – nephritis, serositis and SS; for galectin 9 – SS.

Objective. To assess the diagnostic value of urinary soluble CD11b and CD163 receptor levels (U-CD11b and U-CD163) in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitides (AAV).
Material and methods. This cross-sectional study included 48 patients (21 men, 27 women; median age 52 [31; 67] years) with a confirmed diagnosis of AAV: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in 38, microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in 8, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis in 2. Patients were stratified into two groups: Group 1, AAV without kidney involvement (n=25); Group 2, AAV with kidney involvement (n=23). A comparison Group 3 comprised 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and biopsy-proven kidney involvement (4 men, 9 women; median age 34 [29.0; 43.4] years). All patients underwent standard clinical, laboratory, and instrumental evaluations. U-CD11b and U-CD163 were measured by ELISA using kits ELH-ITGAM-1 (human CD11b) and DC1630 (human CD163) (China). Reference values for U-CD11b and U-CD163, established as the 95th percentile in volunteers without autoimmune disease, were 5.7 and 41.4 ng/mL, respectively. In 10 patients (2 with GPA, 1 with MPA, and 7 with SLE) glomerulonephritis (GN) was verified by vital renal biopsy.
Results and discussion. GN was identified in 36 patients (23 with AAV, 13 with SLE). U-CD11b level was significantly higher in 8 (61.5%) SLE patients than in 22 (46%) AAV patients (median 8.2 [4.5; 11.1] and 5.1 [2.7; 8.1] ng/mol, respectively; p=0.02). Conversely, U-CD163 level was higher in 13 (48%) AAV patients (median 29.8 [3.5; 159.1] ng/mmol) than in 6 (46.1%) SLE patients (22.6 [12.7; 148.5] ng/mol), p=0.04. Elevated U-CD11b was detected more frequently in SLE and in AAV with kidney involvement than in AAV without kidney involvement (61.5%, 56.5%, and 36%, respectively; p=0.001), with the highest median in Group 3 (median 8.2 [4.5; 11.1] ng/mmol). Elevated U-CD163 was more frequent in Groups 3 and 2 than in Group 1 (46.1%, p=0.009; 43.4%, p=0.025; and 12%, respectively), with the highest median in Group 2 (34.9 [9.3; 159.1] ng/mmol). However, between-group differences in the frequencies of elevated U-CD11b and U-CD163 were not statistically significant. In Group 1, increases in U-CD11b (36% of cases) and U-CD163 (12%) levels were also observed. Elevated biomarker levels were associated with higher disease activity but not with GN morphological classes in AAV or SLE.
Conclusion. U-CD11b and U-CD163 levels may reflect the severity of renal inflammatory involvement in patients with AAV and SLE. Further studies are needed to determine the diagnostic utility of these biomarkers.

Objective. To identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of structural changes in patients with early-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA) using the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS).
Material and methods. The study included 78 women aged 35–68 years with knee pain lasting no longer than 1 year and minimal radiographic changes according to Kellgren–Lawrence grade 0–II (without joint space narrowing). A standardized individual record was completed for each patient, including anthropometric data (body mass index, BMI), disease history, results of clinical examination, assessment of knee pain by visual analogue scale, global health assessment by the patient, WOMAC index, KOOS scale, DN4 questionnaire, and information on comorbidities. All patients underwent standard radiography, ultrasound, knee MRI, and laboratory testing. MRI images were assessed using WORMS.
Results and discussion. At the early stage of OA, the most common MRI findings were synovitis (96.2%), cartilage changes (93.6%), and degenerative meniscal lesions (up to 89.7%). Osteophytes, mostly of small size, were detected in 38.5% of patients; osteitis and subchondral cysts were relatively rare (<15%). Correlation analysis showed no associations between synovitis, cartilage defects, and clinical/anthropometric parameters. Moderate but significant associations were observed between osteophytes, osteitis, meniscal lesions and patients’ age, BMI, metabolic syndrome (MS), and knee pain intensity. Comparative analysis of imaging modalities (MRI, ultrasound, and radiography) showed that the frequency of osteophyte detection by MRI (38.5%) was comparable to radiography (34.6%), while ultrasound detected significantly fewer cases (16.6%). MRI demonstrated the highest diagnostic yield for synovitis (96.2%), surpassing ultrasound (84.6%) and clinical examination (23%) (p<0.05).
Conclusion. MRI is a valuable tool for visualizing structural changes in early OA. In patients with such clinical risk factors as older age, increased BMI, MS, pain, and clinically detected synovitis, MRI can be considered a justified method for verifying early OA signs. Significant correlations between MRI changes and clinical parameters provide prospects for improving early OA diagnosis.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of long-term therapy with netakimab (NTK) on radiographic progression and reduction of inflammatory changes assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to identify factors influencing treatment response.
Material and methods. A post hoc analysis was performed on 228 patients with active AS who received NTK for 156 weeks in the randomized clinical trial BCD-085-5/ASTERA. The proportion of patients without radiographic progression was determined, defined as an increase in the mSASSS (modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score) of <2 points from baseline to week 156. Additionally, the proportion of patients without any increase in mSASSS by week 156 was calculated. The proportions of patients without increases in the ASspi-MRI-a (Ankylosing Spondylitis spine MRI activity index) and SPARCC (Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada index), as well as with positive dynamics of these indices (reaching 0 or a ≥50% reduction from baseline at weeks 52, 104 and 156), were also assessed. The influence of baseline clinical and demographic factors on achieving a response by mSASSS, ASspi-MRI-a, and SPARCC was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
Results and discussion. Among 228 patients, 66% showed no radiographic progression and 63% had no increase in mSASSS at week 156 compared with baseline. Positive dynamics in ASspi-MRI-a and SPARCC indices were demonstrated during two years of NTK therapy, with sustained effect through week 156. In univariate logistic regression, younger age (p=0.013) and absence of syndesmophytes or spinal ankylosis at baseline (p<0.01) were associated with lower rates of radiographic progression by mSASSS. Multivariate analysis did not reveal significant influence of baseline clinical-demographic or disease-history factors on NTK treatment response.
Conclusion. Long-term therapy with NTK prevents radiographic progression and reduces active inflammatory changes by MRI in the majority of AS patients, regardless of baseline clinical and demographic characteristics or prior tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor therapy.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most significant medical and social problems due to a steady increase in its incidence and associated disability rates.
Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of Alflutop in elderly patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee (KOA) and/or hip (HOA) and/or with low back pain (LBP).
Material and methods. This prospective, multicenter, cohort observational study was conducted in 163 clinical centers across 58 cities of the Russian Federation. Of 22,525 enrolled patients with OA at various sites and/or LBP, 10,927 were ≥60 years and comprised the analysis population. Alflutop was prescribed as part of routine care per physician decision or purchased by patients. Study duration was 20–31 days with two visits. Regimens were either 1 mL intramuscularly (IM) for 20 consecutive days or 2 mL IM every other day totaling 10 injections. Efficacy was assessed by time to clinical effect (patient-reported pain reduction), change in pain intensity during movement in the index joint and/or LBP on a visual analogue scale (VAS), health-related quality of life by EQ-5D, and patient global assessment (PGA) on VAS. Treatment adherence, need for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and treatment satisfaction (VAS) were recorded.
Results and discussion. Primary efficacy parameters showed pronounced improvement over the treatment course. In patients with KOA (n=6138), median pain reduction (VAS) was 57.1 [33.3; 75] %, median improvement in PGA (VAS) was 40 [14.3; 100] %, and treatment satisfaction was 80 [60; 90] mm. In most patients with HOA (n=4377), substantial improvement was observed: median pain decreased by 50 [33.3; 75] %, PGA increased by 40 [14.3; 100] %, and treatment satisfaction was 80 [60; 90] mm. Among patients with hand OA (n=1346), median VAS improvement was 60 [37.5; 80] %. Marked positive dynamics were recorded for EQ-5D and PGA: from 0.59 [0.52; 0.69] to 0.82 [0.73; 1.0] points (p<0.0001) and from 50 [40; 67] to 80 [70; 90] mm (p<0.0001), respectively. In patients with nonspecific LBP (n=5135), pain decreased and PGA improved: median pain reduction was 57.1 [37.5; 75] % and PGA increased by 50 [14.3; 100] %. A good response (≥50% pain reduction) was observed in 65.1% of cases.
Conclusion. This observational study supports the symptomatic effect of Alflutop and its appropriateness for use in patients aged ≥60 years with OA of various sites and with LBP.

In April 2024, the first biologic agent (seniprutug) selectively targeting CD8+ T lymphocytes bearing the TRBV9 segment was approved. This novel mechanism of action potentially affects the initial immunopathologic cascade in HLA-B27-associated ankylosing spondylitis (AS). During 2024, seniprutug therapy was initiated in 9 patients with AS in the European part of Russia.
Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of seniprutug in patients with AS at 12 and 24 weeks (3 and 6 months) in real-world clinical practice.
Material and methods. Nine patients with AS were included: 7 men (77.8%) and 2 women (22.2%); mean age 37.3±12.6 years. AS was diagnosed according to ASAS (2009) and the modified New York criteria (1984). Active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was present in 8 patients (88.9%); spondylitis in at least one spinal segment in 7 (77.8%), with bone-marrow edema (MRI-confirmed spondylitis) in 6 (66.7%). Baseline disease activity was high: Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) 3.83±0.53; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) 5.7±2.01; inflammatory markers were elevated: C-reactive protein (CRP) 49.6±36.7 mg/L (>5 mg/L in 8 patients) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 56.4±28.5 mm/h (>15 mm/h in all patients). Intravenous seniprutug infusions were administered at weeks 0 and 12. Complete 12- and 24-week follow-up data were available for all 9 patients by September 2025.
Results and discussion. At week 12, 8 from 9 patients reported subjective improvement. Mean activity scores decreased: ASDAS to 2.57±0.94 and BASDAI to 3.41±1.17. CRP and ESR declined to 26.79±46.35 mg/L and 25.7±29 mm/h, respectively; normalization of laboratory indices occurred in 55.6% of patients. Low disease activity by ASDAS and BASDAI was recorded in 33.3% and 77.8% of cases, respectively. At week 24, 8 of 9 patients (88.9%) achieved ASAS40 response; mean ASDAS was 1.59±0.21 and BASDAI 1.75±0.81. Mean reductions were ΔASDAS (weeks 0–24) 2.42±0.75 and ΔBASDAI (weeks 0–24) 4.24±2.0. In all patients completing follow-up, inflammatory markers markedly decreased (CRP 3.4±2.3 mg/L; ESR 11.6±7.2 mm/h). One non-responder was switched to an alternative biologic DMARD.
Conclusion. This first real-world study demonstrates significant clinical and laboratory improvement in AS patients treated with seniprutug. The 24-week data support the potential of this approach to modulate the pathogenic cascade in HLA-B27-associated AS and justify further evaluation in larger cohorts.

Objective. To assess the economic feasibility of using levilimab (LVL) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with other interleukin-6 inhibitors (IL-6i) currently used in the healthcare system of the Russian Federation.
Material and methods. A cost-minimization analysis was performed according to the approved dosing regimens registered in the Russian Federation for all IL-6i used in RA therapy. The possibility of a reduced dosing regimen for LVL and olokizumab (OKZ), as indicated in the summary of product characteristics, was also considered.
Results and discussion. LVL showed the lowest therapy costs for RA starting from the second year and beyond, compared with other IL-6i, assuming comparable clinical efficacy according to ACR50 and DAS28 criteria. Treatment costs for LVL in the second and subsequent years were 11.2% lower than for OKZ, 26.7% lower than for tocilizumab (TCZ) for intravenous use, and 30.9% lower than for TCZ for subcutaneous use.
Conclusion. LVL therapy in patients with RA is an economically reasonable given its two dosing regimens. The use of LVL can reduce healthcare system expenditures over a 2-year and longer horizon while maintaining comparable clinical efficacy to other IL-6i, thereby enabling treatment of a larger number of patients.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Teraflex Ultra compared with Teraflex® in patients with different phenotypes of osteoarthritis (OA).
Material and methods. A prospective comparative randomized study included 80 women aged 40–75 years with a confirmed diagnosis of knee OA (Kellgren–Lawrence stages I–III) and pain on walking ≥40 mm on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The study duration was 9 months (6 months of treatment and 3 months of follow-up). Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 (n=40) received Theraflex Ultra orally, 2 capsules twice daily. Group 2 (n=40) received Theraflex® orally, 1 capsule three times daily for 3 weeks, followed by 1 capsule twice daily. All patients were allowed to take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as required: Theraleve 275 (naproxen) up to 3 tablets per day. Treatment efficacy was assessed by changes in pain intensity on the VAS, WOMAC index, KOOS scale, and EQ-5D quality-of-life questionnaire.
Results and discussion. The trial demonstrated efficacy of pharmaconutraceutical and the drug in reducing pain on walking (VAS), total WOMAC and its subscales, as well as improving KOOS and EQ-5D scores (p<0.05). However, a more pronounced and rapid clinical effect was observed in the Theraflex Ultra group. Significant differences between the groups were found in the following parameters: pain on the VAS and KOOS after 1 month of therapy (38 [26; 47] vs. 44.5 [37; 53] mm, p=0.02 and 61 [56; 72] vs. 56 [44; 68]%, p=0.04, respectively); pain on the WOMAC after 1, 3, and 9 months (149 [114; 196] vs. 197 [122.5; 254] mm, p=0.036; 104 [57; 172] vs. 158.5 [91.5; 253] mm, p=0.037; 66.5 [39; 106] vs. 111.5 [44.5; 170.5] mm, p=0.04); stiffness on the WOMAC after 1, 3, and 9 months (68 [35; 90] vs. 85 [53; 110.5] mm, p=0.04; 42.5 [18; 79] vs. 77 [25; 102] mm, p=0.03; 24.5 [15; 51] vs. 43.5 [17; 86] mm, p=0.04); functional impairment and total WOMAC after 9 months (252 [148; 440] vs. 417 [159; 705] mm, p=0.02 and 326.5 [243; 543] vs. 555.5 [240; 914.5] mm, p=0.03).
Conclusion. The results indicate that Theraflex Ultra provides a faster and more pronounced clinical effect compared with Theraflex® in patients with different phenotypes of OA.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of correcting vitamin D deficiency on uricemia, inflammation, and parathyroid function in patients with gout receiving febuxostat.
Material and methods. This prospective observational study included 79 patients with gout who had been receiving febuxostat at adequate doses for ≥2 weeks. Serum levels of uric acid (UA), parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in all patients. In cases of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <30 ng/ml), patients were advised to take cholecalciferol 4000 IU/day for 3 months. The dynamics of these parameters were then assessed in patients who received cholecalciferol (Group 1) and those with normal vitamin D levels (Group 2).
Results and discussion. In 65 (83%) of 79 patients, serum UA level was <360 μmol/L; febuxostat dose ranged from 40 to 120 mg/day. In 63 (80%) patients, 25(OH)D level was <30 ng/ml; of these, 19 (30%) received cholecalciferol (Group 1). After treatment, the level of 25(OH)D increased (p=0.0013), and level of PTH decreased (p=0.0077). Changes in serum UA were comparable between groups (p=0.72). No correlation was found between Δ vitamin D and Δ UA in patients with vitamin D deficiency (r= -0.26, p>0.05). In Group 1, the median Δ CRP was significantly greater than in Group 2 (p=0.027). The number of patients with CRP >2 mg/L in Group 1 decreased from 11 (58%) to 5 (26%) (p=0.049).
Conclusion. Correction of vitamin D deficiency in gout patients receiving optimal urate-lowering therapy reduces CRP levels but does not affect serum UA. For a substantial proportion of patients, a febuxostat dose of 40 mg/day is sufficient.

High disease activity, major organ involvement, severe exacerbations, and infections are considered the most common causes of hospitalization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Hospital mortality (HM) is higher among Asian, African, and Latin American patients compared with Caucasians. In Asian cohorts, the most frequent causes of HM are infections, severe lupus nephritis (LN), and neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Objective. To analyze the structure of mortality and prognostic factors associated with increased risk of death in hospitalized SLE patients.
Material and methods. The study included 800 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SLE treated at the National Center of Cardiology and Therapy named after academician Mirsaid Mirrahimov from January 2012 to December 2024. An electronic database of fatal cases was used to assess the structure and causes of HM. For comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory manifestations of SLE and to identify predictors of HM, patients were divided into survivor and non-survivor groups. All patients underwent standard clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examinations.
Results and discussion. In the Kyrgyz SLE population, HM reached 3.3%. The vast majority of deceased patients were young women (88.5%) with acute disease course (53.9%), high activity (73.1%), kidney involvement (76.9%), central nervous system (CNS) involvement (50%), and lung involvement (34.6%). The main causes of HM were severe LN (30.8%) and combined kidney and CNS involvement (15.4%). Independent predictors of HM were LN with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), irreversible organ damage, and C3 hypocomplementemia.
Conclusion. The main causes of HM were severe LN (30.8%) and combined kidney and CNS involvement (15.4%). Independent predictors of HM included LN with advanced CKD, irreversible organ damage, and C3 hypocomplementemia.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associated with interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) represents a distinct clinical and pathogenetic phenotype characterized by high inflammatory activity, seropositivity, and systemic manifestations. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed to the role of extracellular DNA and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in RA pathogenesis. This report presents the first case of selective plasmosorption of extracellular DNA and NETs in a patient with RA-ILD. The therapy was associated with a decrease in joint pain and stiffness and improvement of general condition. Laboratory parameters were also monitored dynamically. This clinical case demonstrates the potential of DNA-containing structure plasmosorption as an adjunctive method to enhance the effect of therapy with biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in refractory RA.

Despite using a wide range of treatments, including biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic DMARDs only about one third of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) achieve remission and/or minimal disease activity. Marked clinical heterogeneity and frequent comorbidities lead to multiple biologics switching and contribute to pharmacoresistance. This review summarizes current concepts and definitions of “difficult-to-treat” PsA (D2T PsA) and “complex-to-manage” PsA (C2M PsA), analyzes factors associated with treatment resistance, and outlines promising therapeutic directions for this patient population.

This review discusses indices used to assess systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity. Particular attention is given to the definitions of low disease activity and remission in SLE, first clearly formulated in 2016 and 2021, respectively, and to the treat-to-target (T2T) strategy aimed at reducing disease activity, preventing organ damage, and minimizing glucocorticoid use.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), or Buerger’s disease, is a segmental thrombotic acute and chronic inflammatory process in small- and mediumsized arteries and veins, primarily of the upper and lower extremities. In rare cases, cerebral, coronary, renal, and mesenteric vessels may also be affected. This review describes the rheumatologic manifestations of TAO, outlines the spectrum of diseases for differential diagnosis, and presents the updated diagnostic criteria for TAO (2023).

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) occupy one of the central positions in the multimodal control of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain and have broad indications, including rheumatic diseases. Lornoxicam, an oxicam-class NSAID, is a balanced cyclooxygenase (COX)- 1/COX-2 inhibitor characterized by rapid onset of its effect, fast elimination, and a short half-life, which reduces the risk of its accumulation and provides good tolerability. Therapeutic equivalence has been demonstrated among the three lornoxicam formulations (Xefocam tablets, Xefocam injection, and Xefocam Rapid), obviating the need for dose adjustment when switching from parenteral to oral administration.

The first part of this review analyzes the impact of red meat, meat products, meat by-products, and alternative protein sources, including artificial meat, on serum uric acid levels and the risk of developing gout. For decades, meat products rich in purines were considered among the main risk factors for hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout. However, recent studies suggest that the relationship between meat consumption and the development of gout is far less straightforward than previously thought. The authors attempt to address whether complete exclusion of these products is truly necessary, or whether a balance between diet and control of HUA can be achieved.